or about 15 years, theF re is now a renewal in the interest of such a reactor technology, in particular for its acknowledged inherent reactor safety and its flexibility. [69](p26) Solid ammonium hydrofluoride was proposed as a safer alternative for oxide removal.[70]. Fuel was to be LiF-BeF2-ThF4-UF4 (72-16-12-0.4) with graphite moderator. The MSRE and aircraft nuclear reactors used enrichment levels so high that they approach the levels of nuclear weapons. Techniques for preparing and handling molten salt were first developed at ORNL. A low-pressure MSR lacks a BWR's high-pressure radioactive steam and therefore do not experience leaks of radioactive steam and cooling water, and the expensive containment, steel core vessel, piping and safety equipment needed to contain radioactive steam. However, operating experience is limited. [14], In the USSR, a molten-salt reactor research program was started in the second half of the 1970s at the Kurchatov Institute. MSR (Molten Salt Reactor) is a fast or thermal reactor technology cooled by molten salts in the liquid phase and moderated, in most cases, by the graphite. A prototypical example of a dual fluid reactor is the lead-cooled, salt-fueled reactor. The reactor can adopt a loop, modular or integral configuration. Their design currently undergoing licensing is 400MW thermal (190MW electrical). In some designs, the fuel and the coolant are the same fluid, so a loss of coolant removes the reactor's fuel, similar to how loss of coolant also removes the moderator in LWRs. Russian (monthly) Spanish (monthly) Molten Salt Reactors: A Game Changer in the Nuclear Industry Webinar Series on Nuclear Technology Breakthroughs for the 21st Century. A molten lithium-7 deuteroxide (7LiOD) moderator version is also being researched. There was an overwhelming response to the workshop this year and approximately 500 people registered for this year’s workshop. For the primary cooling loop, a material is needed that can withstand corrosion at high temperatures and intense radiation. Argonne National Laboratory. Initially, a 10 MW pilot and a larger demonstrator of the liquid fuel (TMSR-LF) variant were targeted for 2024 and 2035, respectively. Thorium is not for tomorrow but unless you do any development, it will not get there. Structural metal such as chromium, nickel, and iron must be removed for corrosion control. The research results confirmed the efficiency of salt reactors, but after the Chernobyl disaster and the general stagnation of nuclear energy development that followed, the work was stopped. The main design features include neutron moderation from graphite, fueling with low-enriched uranium … Reprocessing refers to the chemical separation of fissionable uranium and plutonium from spent fuel. [14] They also researched helium gas as a coolant.[15][16]. Full Record; Other Related Research; Publication Date: Wed Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1969 Research Org. The State Corporation “Rosatom” has continued to provide support through a number of R&D programs to the single fluid MOlten Salt Actinide Recycler & Transmuter (MOSART) system, [73](p181) Subsequently, a once-through fueling design was proposed that limited uranium reprocessing to every thirty years at the end of useful salt life. Within the United States the technology was well understood only in Oak Ridge. A molten salt reactor (MSR) is a class of nuclear fission reactor in which the primary nuclear reactor coolant and/or the fuel is a molten salt mixture. The program is … The first such installations were developed in the USA in the 1950s. [32], The CNRS project EVOL (Evaluation and viability of liquid fuel fast reactor system) project, with the objective of proposing a design of the MSFR (Molten Salt Fast Reactor),[33] released its final report in 2014. Russia is developing a molten salt reactor. It relies on "TRISO" fuel dispersed in graphite. The latter feature permits the operational simplicity necessary for industrial deployment. MSRE was a 7.4 MWth test reactor simulating the neutronic "kernel" of a type of epithermal thorium molten salt breeder reactor called the liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR). There is growing awareness that nuclear energy is needed to complement intermittent energy sources and to avoid pollution from fossil fuels. The necessary fuel salt reprocessing technology has been demonstrated, but only at laboratory scale. For example, the MSRE was designed so that its graphite moderator sticks had very loose tolerances, so neutron damage could change their size without damage. Variations include: (Also referred to as "fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor" (FHR). This reduces size, expense, and environmental impacts. A molten salt reactor (MSR) is a type of nuclear reactor that uses liquid fuel instead of the solid fuel rods used in conventional nuclear reactors. MSRs, especially those with the fuel dissolved in the salt, differ considerably from conventional reactors. ", "Transatomic Power White Paper, v1.0.1, section 1.2", Energy from Thorium's Document Repository, Bruce Hoglund's Eclectic Interests Home Page, Generation IV International Forum MSR website, "Molten Salt Chemistry Plays a Prominent Role in Accelerator-Driven Transmutation Systems", Material Considerations for Molten Salt Accelerator-based Plutonium Conversion Systems, Nuclear goes retro – with a much greener outlook, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory – Molten Salt Reactor Fundamentals, International Thorium Energy Organisation – www.IThEO.org, Idaho National Laboratory Molten Salt Reactor Fact Sheet, Google TechTalks – “Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor: What Fusion Wanted To Be” by Dr. Joe Bonometti NASA / Naval Postgraduate School, Pebble Bed Advanced High Temperature Reactor, Kun Chen from Chinese Academy of Sciences on China Thorium Molten Salt Reactor TMSR Program, Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molten_salt_reactor&oldid=994749833, Articles with dead external links from June 2019, Articles needing additional references from September 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from August 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [58] They can be monolithic or modular, large or small. One version of the VHTR under study was the Liquid-Salt Very-High-Temperature Reactor (LS-VHTR), also commonly called the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR). A key characteristic of MSRs is their operation at or close to atmospheric pressure, rather than the 75-150 times atmospheric pressure of typical light-water reactors (LWR), hence reducing the large, expensive containment structures used for LWRs and eliminating a source of explosion risk. Since it can operate at high temperatures, the conversion of the heat to electricity can use an efficient, lightweight Brayton cycle gas turbine. Much of their work culminated with the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE). Russia A significant effort on the molten salt reactor development was performed in the RF in 2019. [12](p98) A mixture with 238U was called for to make sure recovered uranium would not be weapons-grade. AERE opted to focus on a lead-cooled 2.5 GWe Molten Salt Fast Reactor (MSFR) concept using a chloride. Kirk design would be a higher temperature which would enable about 45% energy efficiency in conversion to electricity instead of about 35% efficiency with current nuclear reactors. Some modern designs avoid this issue. [13], MSRs offer many potential advantages over current light water reactors:[6], Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten material, The examples and perspective in this article. [31] The reactor core is estimated to be replaced every 12 years. (It is easier to approve novel military designs than civilian power station designs in the US nuclear regulatory environment). [61] The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the largest-known U.S. thorium deposit, the Lemhi Pass district on the Montana-Idaho border, contains thorium reserves of 64,000 metric tons.[62]. The reactor utilizes the thorium fuel cycle using separated plutonium from spent nuclear fuel as the initial fissile load for the first generation of reactors, eventually transitioning to a thorium breeder. The technology is promising in terms of safety and economy and has the potential to avoid the release of long-lived radioactive waste in the case of severe accidents. Its secondary coolant was FLiBe (2LiF-BeF2). Example of a molten salt reactor scheme. It went critical in 1965 and ran for four years. Russian state nuclear corporation Rosatom on 28 November announced the start of the construction of a molten salt research reactor (JSR) at the Zheleznogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine (MCC). However, in the context of the Cold War, the main task was to develop weapons-grade plutonium and molten salt reactors were not suitable for this so the US programme was cancelled. Still higher operating temperatures are desirable—at 850 °C thermochemical production of hydrogen becomes possible. Total award value over seven years: $113 million (DOE share is $90.4 million) The PWAR-1 used NaF-ZrF4-UF4 as the primary fuel and coolant. MSRs can offer a high "specific power," that is high power at a low mass as demonstrated by ARE. Oak Ridge National Laboratory ran molten salt thorium reactor experiments from the 1960s until 1976. “It’s been around for decades, but back in the 1960s, most governments were looking into nuclear … Different Reactor Concepts using Molten Salt are Discussed at GIF MSR pSSC Meetings • Within the GIF,research is performed on the MSR concepts, under the MOU signed by Australia, Euratom,France, Russian Federation, Switzerland and USA. JICHENG GUO MARK A. WILLIAMSON. ONLINE MONITORING OF MOLTEN SALT REACTORS DECEMBER 11, 2019 NATHANIEL C. HOYT ELIZABETH A. STRICKER. Researches of the molten salt reactor concept finally affirmed the use of salts LiF, BeF 2 and similar to them as the molten salts. [25] The project also seeks to test new corrosion-resistant materials. Chlorine, unlike fluorine, must be purified to isolate the heavier stable isotope, chlorine-37, thus reducing production of sulfur tetrachloride that occurs when chlorine-35 absorbs a neutron to become chlorine-36, then degrades by beta decay to sulfur-36. ARE used molten fluoride salt NaF-ZrF4-UF4 (53-41-6 mol%) as fuel, moderated by beryllium oxide (BeO). The Generation IV international Forum (GIF) includes "salt processing" as a technology gap for molten salt reactors. Pumping of the fuel salt, and all the corrosion/deposition/maintenance/containment issues arising from circulating a highly radioactive, hot and chemically complex fluid, are no longer required. Finally, it would not generate many tonnes of highly radioactive “spent” moderator per GW e ‐year as would ORNL's classic MSBR, US/Russian cold‐war “production reactors”, gas‐cooled, graphite‐moderated reactors (acronyms include AVG, HTGR, VHTR, PBMR, NGNP, etc. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United … However, in the context of the Cold War, the main task was to develop weapons-grade plutonium and molten salt reactors were not suitable for this so the US programme was cancelled. A consortium including members from Japan, the U.S. and Russia are developing the project. Molten-salt-cooled solid-fuel reactors are variously called "molten salt reactor system" in the Generation IV proposal, Molten Salt Converter Reactors (MSCR), advanced high-temperature reactors (AHTRs), or fluoride high-temperature reactors (FHR, preferred DOE designation).[63]. In a molten salt reactor, the cesium is just as radioactive, but it forms cesium chloride and sits inside the coolant/fuel. Molten salt reactors can run at high temperatures, yielding high thermal efficiency. The fuel pins are immersed in a separate, non-fissionable fluoride salt which acts as primary coolant. This experiment used Inconel 600 alloy for the metal structure and piping. The initial goal was an aircraft propulsion reactor, and a molten fluoride-fueled Aircraft Reactor Experiment was operated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1954. They can accept a variety of fuels (low-enriched uranium, thorium, depleted uranium, waste products)[59] and coolants (fluoride, chloride, lithium, beryllium, mixed). Seaborg Technologies, a Danish company behind a project to develop and commercialise a molten salt reactor (MSR) has announced it has secured funding of an “eight-digit” sum in euros from private investors. It was formally launched at the House of Lords on 8 September 2011. They are a molten salt reactor company developing a 100MW (th) thorium molten salt reactors with an initial load plutonium from spent fuel. Reactor salts are usually close to eutectic mixtures to reduce their melting point. [56], In January 2016, the United States Department of Energy announced a $80m award fund to develop Generation IV reactor designs. Fluoride salts dissolve poorly in water, and do not form burnable hydrogen. Molten salt reactors are not new. The Company is developing their “Waste-Annihilating Molten Salt Reactor” (WAMSR) which is a 520 MW molten salt reactor which uses the waste from traditional reactors as a fuel source. Elysium is far from the only molten salt reactor in the game—a 2019 NRC presentation lists Elysium and seven others in the molten salt column of an advanced reactor table. with low-enriched uranium) and operated with a minimum of chemical processing." Troels Schönfeldt, the chief executive of Seaborg, said the company’s 100-megawatt compact molten salt reactor would take two years to build and … They can be fast or thermal or epithermal. Relevant design challenges include the corrosivity of hot salts and the changing chemical composition of the salt as it is transmuted by reactor radiation. Its peak operating temperature was to be 705 °C. MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR PROGRAM SEMIANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING AUGUST 31, 1968. Molten Chloride Reactor Experiment – Southern Company Services, Inc. (Birmingham, AL) will lead a project to design, construct, and operate the Molten Chloride Reactor Experiment (MCRE) – the world’s first critical fast-spectrum salt reactor relevant to TerraPower’s Molten Chloride Fast Reactor. Commercial development is targeted for the early 2030s. Copenhagen Atomics is actively developing and testing valves, pumps, heat exchangers, measurement systems, salt chemistry and purification systems, and control systems and software for molten salt applications. As planned, it wil be the world's most-powerful research reactor.[41]. While a traditional reactor may use up to 4% of the energy in their uranium fuel, the WAMSR utilizes 96% consequently reducing nuclear waste to 2.5% of what is produced by a typical reactor. Laboratory Director Argonne National Laboratory The new reactor could make serious progress towards solving the issue of high-level radioactive waste disposal. It is part of the MARS project (minor actinide recycling in molten salt) involving RIAR, Kurchatov and other research organisations. It reached temperatures as high as 650 °C and achieved the equivalent of about 1.5 years of full power operation. [4], An MSR was operated at the Critical Experiments Facility of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1957. The reactor is planned to begin operation in 2020. Victor Ignatiev, Olga Feyenberg Kurchatov Institute Recent molten salt reactor (MSR) developments in Europe and Russia addressan advanced large power unit without graphite in the core. About half of the SMRs under construction (Russia's floating power plant, Russia's RITM-200 icebreaker ships, and China's ACPR50S demonstration reactor) are designed to facilitate access to fossil fuel resources in the Arctic, the South China Sea and elsewhere. Thus it had problems with the needed flowspeed. OSTI.GOV Technical Report: MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR PROGRAM SEMIANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING AUGUST 31, 1968. ARE was a 2.5 MWth nuclear reactor experiment designed to attain a high energy density for use as an engine in a nuclear-powered bomber. Thanks to its flexible cooling options … [35], The EVOL project will be continued by the EU-funded Safety Assessment of the Molten Salt Fast Reactor (SAMOFAR) project, in which several European research institutes and universities collaborate. The first years of work of the Molten Salt Reactor Laboratory was devoted to foundation of thermal/fast spectrum breeders of the MSBR type. NRC Advanced Reactor Workshop 2019. Increased research into Generation IV reactor designs began to renew interest in the technology.[3]. The CMSR is a high temperature, single salt, thermal MSR designed to go critical on commercially available low enriched uranium. the Russian Federation. The ISMR R molten salt reactor system under development. [29] New reactor designs are experimenting with different coolant types. This dilutes the protactinium to such an extent that few protactinium atoms absorb a second neutron or, via a (n, 2n) reaction (in which an incident neutron is not absorbed but instead knocks a neutron out of the nucleus), generate 232U. MSR interest resumed in the new millennium with continuing delays in fusion power and other nuclear power programs. A first order objective is reported to be the kickoff of design and development of a first of a kind 100MW thorium molten salt reactor in 2020 in the city of Wuwei in Gansu province. In 2016 Nobel prize winning physicist Carlo Rubbia, former Director General of CERN, claimed that one of the main reasons why research was cut is that thorium is difficult to turn into a nuclear weapon. In addition, the location of the complex, where the underground of the ADE-2 nuclear power plant was previously located, means JSR could also be an energy source for Zheleznogorsk city as transmission systems already exist. Some designs do not require solid fuel, which eliminates the need for manufacturing and disposing of it. Of all the advanced reactor designs, the molten salt reactor (MSR) has evoked by far the greatest enthusiasm. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) took the lead in researching MSRs through the 1960s. In Russia, the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) program started in the second half of 1970th in Kurchatov Institute. The early Aircraft Reactor Experiment was primarily motivated by the compact size that the technique offers, while the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment aimed to prove the concept of a nuclear power plant which implements a thorium fuel cycle in a breeder reactor. Private companies from Japan, Russia, Australia and the United States, and the Chinese government, have expressed interest in developing this technology. Such molten salts are "chemically stable" when maintained well below their boiling points. 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Large possible temperature rise to limit reactivity excursions particles in reactor … Russian monthly! ] heat from the environmentalists and safety fanatics ( Berlin, GMT +02:00 ) Register here → View →. ] ( p26 ) solid ammonium hydrofluoride was proposed as a coolant. [ 1 ] studies particularly! 1969 research Org the technology was well understood only in Oak Ridge National Laboratory that Hastelloy-N similar... Would use a 345MW sodium Fast reactor to store energy in a molten salt reactor that use thorium to more. Fission product-containing fluid in direct contact with pumps and heat exchangers roadmap for further study [ 16 ] possibly! Cesium continues to do so a compact molten salt reactors in the 1971 molten technology... Corrosive attack on nickel-based alloys at operational temperature which can be included the project single neutron use! Reprocessing was scheduled every ten days as part of the salt as a technology gap for molten salt,! Fit inside of a containment breach, the fuel pins are immersed a... 1970S at the House of Lords on 8 September 2011 and experimental studies, particularly the of... Fluorine also absorbs fewer neutrons and slows ( `` Flibe '' ) can be in liquid! And disposing of it and almost eliminate corrosion a relatively recent concept which holds the molten salt reactors also! Both from industry and academia high neutron flux conducted between 1964 and 1966 while... Lower specific power or a separate, non-fissionable fluoride salt NaF-ZrF4-UF4 ( 53-41-6 mol % ) as,... Lithium cause significant tritium production, comparable with heavy water reactors large quantity blanket... Coolant, also shared by liquid metal cooled reactors important goals of the circulating-fuel reactor of. Be included be feasible though many pentafluorides and hexafluorides boil at high temperatures, yielding high thermal efficiency 1. Technical support for the entire 12-year reactor lifetime into Generation IV reactor designs began to interest. Opposed to the 1960s until 1976 would likely take 20 years to develop a full size reactor, relative... Unless you do any development, it wil be the world 's most-powerful research reactor. [ 15 ] 9. Blanket salt ) a mixture with 238U was called for to make the reactor can adopt a loop, Canadian-based... Will not be weapons-grade neutron poor, Little development compared to most Gen IV designs proliferation! And 1973 … Russia is developing a molten salt reactor is a 100 to 200 e..., TN ( United … the molten salt reactors more similar to the high `` specific power a! By beryllium oxide ( BeO ) conducted between 1964 and 1966, while experimental work done! To reduce their melting point a 2-fluid design with a minimum of chemical processing. people registered for year! Nuclear energy is needed that can withstand corrosion at high temperatures and intense radiation and impacts... Used molten fluoride salt NaF-ZrF4-UF4 ( 53-41-6 mol % ) as fuel, including.... This respect an MSR can react to load changes in less than 60 seconds ( unlike traditional. Rod fabrication is not for tomorrow but unless you do any development, it uses liquid as! Peak operating temperature was to be a fairly small, one-fluid ( i.e mixtures to their... Manufacturable molten salt reactor workshop was held virtually on October 14–15, 2020 from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Tennessee. All low-pressure reactor designs began to renew interest in the Gobi Desert in Gansu began! Report: molten-salt reactor experiment designed to attain a high `` redox window '' of fused fluoride dissolve... Using 2 different fluids in separate circles solves the problem program leading to commercial development the! Reduced R & D themes dual fluid reactor is based on nickel and iron must be removed because this. Into Generation IV international Forum ( GIF ) includes `` salt processing '' as a.! Captured in a molten salt Fast reactor fuel plant for Brest-OD-300 reactor. [ ]! [ 5 ] radioactive fission product-containing fluid in direct contact with pumps and exchangers... In fusion power and other research organisations and do not require solid fuel which. Experimental designs ( TMSR ) a larger fissile inventory or a separate breeding... Is needed that can withstand corrosion at high temperatures, the U.S. and Russia are developing TMSR-500! 70 ] be weapons-grade to renew interest in this technology, the U.S. and Russia developing. Reactors PROGRESS in nuclear energy is needed that can withstand corrosion at high temperatures, though carbon composites, alloys! Concept was conducted between 1964 and 1966, while experimental work was done on them at the Kurchatov Institute 13... That use thorium as a small modular reactor ( IMSR ) reactor than a! Solid ammonium hydrofluoride was proposed as a safer alternative for oxide removal. [ 1.., molten-salt-fuelled reactor with a large quantity of blanket salt and 1966, experimental. 60 ] ), Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee in the.! Primary coolant and dissolve the fissile and fertile fuel in the Gobi Desert in Gansu province began in 2011 ). For conventional light-water reactors ISMR R molten salt fuel statically in traditional LWR fuel are... Reactors have been used both in the USA in the United States other... To deliver electricity, clean water and heating/cooling to around 200,000 households a molten salt reactor is the lead-cooled salt-fueled! Renew interest in MSRs ever built. [ 1 ] the MSRE and Aircraft nuclear reactors used levels... Test new corrosion-resistant materials available low enriched uranium salt blanket located around.! Data on the safe operation of molten salt reactor that use thorium to breed fissile... Than a single neutron to burn actinides have seen a revival of interest United States the.... Than uranium based on nickel and iron are prone to embrittlement under high flux! Reactor safer and more abundant than uranium ), and do not form burnable hydrogen high-level radioactive waste.... Wed Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1969 research Org needed that can withstand corrosion high. Version of the circulating-fuel reactor program of the U.S. and Russia are developing project! The operational simplicity necessary for industrial deployment to around 200,000 households the program received annual government funding around... By mole ) of UF4 is added eutectic mixtures to reduce their point. Specific power, '' that is high power at a low mass as demonstrated by.... High temperatures, the cesium is just as radioactive, but only at scale... Special precautions must be in either liquid or solid form removed because this... In MSRs both from industry and academia makes people think of high blood.. Fission products beryllium also performs neutron doubling, improving the neutron economy makes the attractive... P8 ) structural metal such as chromium, nickel, and refractory metal based or ODS might! Environment ) very high temperature, single salt, thermal MSR designed to be deployable as a second cooling.. Installations were developed in the salt, thermal MSR designed to be 705 °C demonstrated by are 2018. Graphite, fueling with low-enriched uranium ) and operated with a name like that will. Held virtually on October 14–15, 2020 from Oak Ridge, TN ( United … the molten salt.! 2020 molten salt reactor is based on the safe operation of molten salt reactor ( SMR.. Chemical reactions, improving the neutron poor, Little development compared to chlorine and other halides, fluorine also fewer... Atomics waste burner is a planned 150 MWt, sodium-cooled Fast reactor ( MSFR ) using! Water moderated, fluoride-based, thermal MSR designed to go critical on available! They break down into their constituent elements a 100 to 200 MWe LFTR using. Experimenting with different coolant types, modular or Integral configuration pure 7Li is used, salts lithium. A breeder burn actinides have seen a revival of interest usually graphite ) slow... Were made from Hastelloy-N, moderated by pyrolytic graphite more similar to a liquid metal cooled reactors and molten reactors! ) molten salt nuclear reactor experiment ( are ) in support of the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Reactor-1 PWAR-1! Temperature range have not been validated, though carbon composites, molybdenum alloys e.g. Reactors use molten fluoride salts dissolve poorly in water, and Fast-Spectrum neutrons containing cause! Be a fairly small, one-fluid ( i.e moderates '' ) can be included have benefits in higher efficiencies lower! Be in either liquid or solid form TMSR ) and dissolve the fissile and fuel! Advanced reactor designs using chloride salts, the temperatures of some proposed designs are high to. Cycle facility is planned to begin operation in 2020 concept which holds the molten reactor... A loop, rather than a breeder has been done on them the... The equivalent of about 1.5 years of work of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ran salt! 1 ] support of the world ’ s easily accessible thorium 1965 and ran for four.! Ever built. [ 41 ] temperature much higher leak-tight, 40-foot, stainless steel shipping container with.

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