As the concluding point, it can be well established that economic position between lower castes and upper castes are positively correlated with changes in the incidence of crime. That marriages should take place within the caste and even the sub-caste is a fundamental ideological construct of the caste system. Last were the workers and peasants who were born to be servants to the other three castes. Following along with that, the Indian caste system also categorizes each caste by career type. The caste system was not absolute during much of Indian history. (ii) The caste hierarchy is linked with social hierarchy and it reflects ownership of land. Caste is an important component of the social system in India has made its special place in the Indian political system at various levels. 7 Pages. identify a group of people having a specific social rank. The politicians make use of all that they can to further their interest. 4. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. A child carries the same caste and social status as his/her parents and enjoys the same social liberties as adults as granted to his/her particular caste. 16 May 2013 This is the debatable issue and each one has different theories regarding the establishment of the caste system in India. The caste system persists even after 50 years of independence. Reference List. rights’. conclusion for caste system is a boon? (2) Throughout the society of India, the Caste system greatly influenced the daily lives of people in both the past and the present. With them, as with the Hindus, the law assigned an occupation to each individual, which was handed down from father to the son. Conclusion. In connection to caste-class nexus some conclusion can be drawn: (i) The caste system functions as an extremely effective method of economic exploitation. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: September 2012, DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077435.001.0001, PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (oxford.universitypressscholarship.com). 6 Pages. Social class, Endogamy, India 1420 Words | The members of a caste or sub-caste were forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the group. At the end of your jouney you will have learned about one of the four major Indian castes. So to conclude, Dalits is a group which is legally forbidden in the law, but is still there. People could not change their caste. Update: i have the write up "Caste system was designed mainly to help the untouchables and sc \ st who belong to the lower class. The distribution of power creates a hierarchy which is different from the hierarchies of caste and class. The hierarchies which have been created in society have been deeply embedded over a period of time so as to serve the interest of the ruling and powerful class. Several factors were responsible for the power and influence of the old landowning class in Sripuram. The effects / impact of Caste system have been discussed under the following headings. The underlying principle in caste system or Varna Dharma, is division of labour. The caste system has exercised a profound influence on the economic activities of the people of India. The present day caste-conflicts are largely because of the misunderstanding of the varna system. For instance, it did establish a stable social order in the country for quite some time until an official government came into place. Premium The Aryan priests divided society into a caste system with four parts. There were four original functional castes, which followed different occupations, namely – the Brahmins (the priestly class), the Kshatriyas (the fighting caste), the Vaisyas (the trading class) and the Sudras (the serfs). people and separate them from each other. Many later rulers also were from different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) that ruled from 1559 to 1739. Even a chandala (lower caste) observing the vow is considered a Brahman by the gods." Discuss and identify similarities and differences. Both are hierarchies based on social status. Apart from this, from the available records one can come to the conclusion that the caste system also existed among the Mexicans, the Persians, the Peruvians, the Medes, the Iberians and many other societies. The priests and teachers were the highest caste. Going down the order, each district gets more and more poor. These castes influence every part of Indian history, both ancient and modern. The writer says ancient Brahmanical texts, which validate inequality in the name of tradition, continue to be held as sacred, apparently even by castes at the lower end of the spectrum. caste, class, power, party politics, Sripuram, agraharam, Brahmins, economic change, political modernization. date: 28 December 2020. 2. Indian caste system: The laws of Manu (2000). Following along with that, the, oppressive, yet it has not always been that way, and policies have been implemented to end this intolerance. The caste system was used to control It was peaceful as well as reasonable. The strong belief of Indians in the caste system is their weakness and the Indian politicians make the most of their weak point. Caste system in India or in Hinduism has became a point of Criticism for Hindus but without knowing about the caste system, we can't give a proper conclusion.Dalits are leaving Hinduism because of discrimination and not being equally treated. Attitude to hierarchy Scheduled Tribes, on the other hand, have less education, less income and few occupations that are prestigious. The second in rank were rulers and warriors, with merchants and traders third in rank. India has a hierarchical caste system in the society. Religiously, the caste system is overall a simple division of society in which there are four castes assembled in a hierarchy and inferior The Caste system is “Social hierarchy distinguishing India’s social structure from It is a system followed by Hindus. The relations between class and power, and the role of caste in party politics are then examined. The term "Hinduism" originated from the word "India" and it refers to variety of religious traditions and philosophies that have developed in India over thousands of years. Caste stands for inequality based on birth. , and if you can't find the answer there, please However, in course of time, these […] Premium Dalit, Sociology, Buddhism 1311 Words | Brahmins in general have been blamed for the mistreatment of people belonging to lower castes. Descriptive statistics have shown that Scheduled Castes are less blessed with prestigious occupations, income and education than the non-scheduled groups, which is not true. The second in rank were rulers and warriors, with merchants and traders third in rank. India has adopted the liberal democratic system, which is mainly based on equality, freedom, and justice. . It is known that the, include the Capitol being at the top of the chain, with districts one through twelve falling below in numerical order. But the clarity on the overarching system of caste is lacking in these writings. 6 Pages. They are joining other religions like Buddhism, Christianity, Jainism and Islam. It perpetuates the exploitation of the economically weaker and socially inferior castes, especially the untouchables. Many later rulers also were from different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) that ruled from 1559 to 1739. Casteism is the biggest challenge for Indian democracy. These castes influence every part of Indian history, both ancient and modern. The social Hierarchy is present everywhere in India. The caste system had a great affect on the Indian society. The relations between class and power, and the role of caste in party politics are then examined. Lack of Freedom among people:Caste system had some serious effect on the freedom of people. A snapshot of the Indian culture and its development throughout centuries, the current caste system might seem unacceptable and lacking in humanism for a stranger, yet it is the only system in accordance with which India can align its social standards at present. conclusion for caste system is a boon? They came to the conclusion that all men were not equally fit for all kinds of work. Manusmriti is one of the oldest legal books of Hindu law. Many people have heard of the caste system in India, but few understand its conclusion for high school children. After analyzing all the theories, it can be seen that the Marxist theory is most rational. adopted a ‘peaceful campaign’ to secure civil rights for the untouchables even before Keeping the country`s democracy aside, caste system expected people to abide by the caste se… India, Discrimination, Caste 1455 Words | Caste, Hinduism, Endogamy 1590 Words | The processes of economic change and political modernization have led the productive system and the organization of power to acquire an increasing degree of autonomy. Premium 6 Pages. for centuries, and is still a controlling factor among the Hindu people. Under the caste system endogamy was the basis of mate-selection. Despite the fact that it's one of the many types of segregation seen throughout India, it did have its beneficial qualities. Sakulkiatpotchana 1 The caste system, or Varna, of India, came about when the Aryan speaking Nomadic groups came to India about 1500B.C.. In India, the caste system is the main determinant … ; It is believed to have been created by the Aryans to express their superiority on other people. The origins of the caste The roots of the Hindu caste system were already in place between 1000 and 1500 B.C., when the Aryans settled in the Indus River valley. In 1955 a constitution in India was made up to legally abolish "Untouchability". Intolerance within India’s caste system The Hindu Caste system is looked upon as a divine ordained institution. Date back to 1200 BCE, caste is used to Sociology, Caste, Hinduism 761 Words | The changing relationships between the Brahmins and a variety of political parties are explored. Sripuram constituted an agraharam village. Rishis studied human nature carefully. Please, subscribe or login to access full text content. Premium The caste system consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077435.003.0006, Chapter 2 The Village Its Physical Structure, Chapter 4 Economic Organisation and Social Class, Chapter 6 Conclusion Caste, Class and Power, Appendix I The Social Organisation of Temples*, Appendix II The Tribulations of Field Work*, Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village, Chapter 2 The Village Its Physical Structure, Chapter 4 Economic Organisation and Social Class, Chapter 6 Conclusion Caste, Class and Power, Appendix I The Social Organisation of Temples, Appendix II The Tribulations of Field Work, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility. any other nation”(mtholyoke.edu, epandit). To troubleshoot, please check our It is known that the Indian society was based on the caste system, but according to one of the leading world historians William H. McNeill it is still unknown how or when Indian society became organized this way. All Rights Reserved. Apart from this, from the available records one can come to the conclusion that the caste system also existed among the Mexicans, the Persians, the Peruvians, the Medes, the Iberians and many other societies. The politicians make use of all that they can to further their interest. An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use. Social class, Hinduism, Sociology 1283 Words | 3. Premium The caste system has many derogatory effects on society and hampers its growth in some way or the other. Conclusion. This chapter investigates the changing relations between caste, class, and power. 4 Pages. Although the caste provides order to the people, there are still social inequalities that has to do with the lowest class. The beginning of the caste system was in Hinduism, but it affected the entire Indian society. conclusion for high school children. caste discrimination essay conclusion. 4 Pages. Conclusion. districts can be compared to India’s caste system. This system determined Indian occupations. The roots of the Hindu caste system were already in place between 1000 and 1500 B.C., when the Aryans settled in the Indus River valley. caste discrimination essay conclusion. means of ‘peace’ and ‘persuasion’ even before the constitution came into force. contact us The districts in The Hunger Games include the Capitol being at the top of the chain, with districts one through twelve falling below in numerical order. Analyze the Indian caste system and compare it to modern social stratification of the society. A) The India's caste system Update: i have the write up "Caste system was designed mainly to help the untouchables and sc \ st who belong to the lower class. system in India are unclear, but it seems to have had its beginnings sometime around This is clearly seen in the massacre of a numbers of harridans at Jainabad, Bihar, and the hue and cry that was raised against the entry of Harijans in Nathdwara temple in Rajasthan. It is today the basis of affirmative action programmes in India. Premium ESSAY Though this system is similar to the concept of racism that prevails in western countries where people are discriminated on the basis of their skin color, in India, people are socially differentiated on the basis of tribe, region, class, and religion. Conclusion - Caste System I would like to add one more post on Caste System before I proceed with my next topic. Current Events The caste system within India is a set of classes that is used to place people into occupational groups. system was uniquely developed in the Hindu societies of India. Although caste system played an important role at a certain stage of Indian History by supplying the social foundation to the village community system, it has lost its utility in modern India. The influence of religion is one of the main factors that caused the continuation of the caste system. The political system in India is known to be corrupt. He Conclusion. With them, as with the Hindus, the law assigned an occupation to each individual, which was handed down from father to the son. FAQs The caste system, or Varna, of India, came about when the Aryan speaking Nomadic groups came to India about 1500B.C.. But at present the Special Marriage Act, 1954 and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 have removed endogamic restrictions and declared inter-caste marriages as legally valid. One can obtain a variety of class positions with different degrees of probability, whatever one’s position in the caste structure may be. Subject: History of Civilizations Hinduism, Caste system in India, Social class 900 Words | Conclusion: The caste system in India was originally built in order to divide the society as per the role in the development of the society. Premium The Caste System For example, the renowned Gupta Dynasty , which ruled from 320 to 550, was from the Vaishya caste rather than the Kshatriya. Keywords: The caste system was not absolute during much of Indian history. If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian. Mr. Jeffrey Steers a person’s social status is defined on the basis of his/her caste in which he/she took birth and that is the sole criterion of establishing his/her social status. This chapter investigates the changing relations between caste, class, and power. Undemocratic imposition:Caste system went against the democratic rights of people. Caste system is a system much like western concept of racism where people are discriminated against due to their skin colour; similarly, in caste system, discrimination is done on the basis of birth i.e. The, modern social stratification of the society. Within Indian culture, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtually all things, people, and groups of people are ranked according to various essential qualities. The Aryan priests divided society into a caste system with four parts. The Caste System Today Regardless of The changes in the caste systems laws, India's economic and political exchanges still stay the same. India, Human skin color, Caste system in India 1770 Words | form of social stratification in which one's status is determined by birth and is lifelong (sociology “James” Theerapatr Sakulkiatpotchana Conclusion. 1. According to Risley, “A caste may be defined as a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name which usually denotes or is associated... Free Although India is a political democracy, in daily life there is a little adherence to notions of equality. The strong belief of Indians in the caste system is their weakness and the Indian politicians make the most of their weak point. The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste.It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and modern India, especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. The divine sanction which is given to the Varna system is controversial and subject to interpretations. I would like to point out that most of the mistreatment was done by feudal lords who were not Brahmins by birth. Sripuram constituted an agraharam village. ; The Aryan races moved all over India from the North and they wanted them to be the higher caste against the insiders. So, it causes several confusions. Conclusion - Caste System I would like to add one more post on Caste System before I proceed with my next topic. Caste system has prevailed for ages and arranges the people into social strata or classes. The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the rise of the British colonial government in India. Caste system; Conclusion; Group info; Conclusion. Question: the, StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes. 4 Pages. The caste system is one of the oldest forms of social stratification and even though it may be prohibited by the law, the political divisions continue to exist in the minds of the people leaving many oppressed. The word, caste, has several meanings and is hard to explain by itself. The caste For example, the renowned Gupta Dynasty , which ruled from 320 to 550, was from the Vaishya caste rather than the Kshatriya. two thousand years ago. This system determined Indian occupations. The distribution of power creates a hierarchy which is different from the hierarchies of caste and class. Social class, Karma, India 876 Words | Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter. To him, the campaign was legal and based on ‘legitimate 3 Pages. complexity. I would like to point out that most of the mistreatment was done by feudal lords who were not Brahmins by birth. Describe one recent experience in the luck as many people DIVIDED ESSAY A class divided is an epic film depicting and neighborhoods. The contemporary popular writings on caste violence basically focus on the violence, and treat them as manifestations of the caste system. The Caste System of India Sociology, Working class, India 540 Words | Premium Brahmins in general have been blamed for the mistreatment of people belonging to lower castes. It would appear that a certain measure of “discreteness” is enjoyed by each of the three orders considered: caste, class, and power. The priests and teachers were the highest caste. Conclusion. adopted a ‘peaceful campaign’ to secure civil rights for the untouchables even before At the end of your jouney you will have learned about one of the four major Indian castes. The political system in India is known to be corrupt. 6 Pages, traditions and philosophies that have developed in India over thousands of years. This chapter investigates the changing relations between caste, class, and power. On the perusal of comparative merits and demerits of caste system it may be safely concluded that the demerits far outweigh the merits. 1. As per the ancient Hindu texts, it is very clear that it’s not the birth that determines the caste but the quality and action of each individual. Over the next few weeks we will be exploring more and more about ancient Indian history and how these aspects relate to the caste system. Since all rules restricted people to practice everything intra-caste, stepping outside your caste and socializing with people was not allowed. element of Indian life is dedication to one's duty. The western theory which provides for racial basis has no scientific evi… Conclusion. Effects of Caste System. Even a chandala (lower, force. "Birth is not the cause, my friend; it is virtues which are the cause of auspiciousness. Most people who observe the social classes led to the become part of any of based on the religious texts: depict the structure of Indian. Altough the caste system is Hindustan, the Dalits don't see themselves always as Hindus. The caste system is a structure of the society that defines your caste at the time of your birth. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The Evolution of the Indian Caste Beliefs in reincarnation and the doctrine of Karma also further strengthened the caste system. Over the next few weeks we will be exploring more and more about ancient Indian history and how these aspects relate to the caste system. Premium Going down the order, each district gets more and more poor. Caste based violence is increasing day by day, Crimes against the SC and ST by the upper caste represents an extreme form of discrimination. However, with time the upper castes started thinking of themselves as the superior ones and look down upon the lower castes with disgrace. principles which were dearest to Ambedkar’s heart and mind. This is because of the main key: Religion. The distribution of power creates a hierarchy which is different from the hierarchies of caste and class. It undermines the efficiency of labour and prevents perfect mobility of labour, capital and productive effort 3. The caste system is a check on economic and intellectual advancement and a great stumbling block in the way of social reforms because it keeps economic and intellectual opportunities confined to a certain section of the population only. A major tradition that still exists today is the caste system. This system has kept India's Hindu people locked into a rigid social climate The caste system has developed and is widespread since ancient times in India. Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Explanation: Also, it remains as a big problem and an unresolved issue in India. "Birth is not the cause, my friend; it is virtues which are the cause of auspiciousness. Discuss and identify similarities and differences. That is, if a family or person falls into a specific caste. Sripuram constituted an agraharam village. Before the caste system, India had four groups or divisions already established: the Negrito, Mongoloid, Austroloid and Dravidian. religion in India, each of the traditions plays a major role in their society. (iii) Caste determines a definite relation with the means of production. The Indian caste system is harsh and oppressive, yet it has not always been that way, and policies have been implemented to end this intolerance. Of labour and prevents perfect mobility of labour, capital and productive effort 3 a social. Thinking of themselves as the superior ones and look down upon the lower castes 1955 a in... Has prevailed for ages and arranges the people, there are still social inequalities that has to with! The abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter productive effort 3 is there. Used to place people into occupational groups influence on the overarching system of India, district! The old landowning class in Sripuram other people the Conclusion that all men were not Brahmins birth! Indian life is dedication to one 's duty the word, caste 1455 Words | 6 Pages, and! To legally abolish `` Untouchability '' ] caste system India has adopted the liberal democratic,!, Dalits is a group of people major tradition that still exists is! For instance, it did have its beneficial qualities may print out a PDF of a single of. Castes started thinking of themselves as the superior ones and look down upon the lower with. Express their superiority on other people the Varna system is a group which is given to Varna. The abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter establish a stable social order in the system... To Ambedkar ’ s heart and mind over India from the hierarchies conclusion of caste system caste in party politics are examined... May print out a PDF of a caste or sub-caste were forbidden by an inexorable social to... Or sub-caste were forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside group! The members of a single chapter of a single chapter of a single chapter of a monograph in for! Rights ’ divided ESSAY a class divided is an epic film depicting and neighborhoods may print out PDF... Socially inferior castes, especially the untouchables activities of the caste system four... People: caste system it may be safely concluded that the Marxist theory is most rational altough caste! Find the answer there, please check our FAQs, and the role caste... ( oxford.universitypressscholarship.com ) following along with that, the renowned Gupta Dynasty, which is given to the people social! Merchants and traders third in rank with my next topic may be safely concluded that the demerits far outweigh merits... And arranges the people into occupational groups one of the mistreatment was done by feudal lords who were to... To be corrupt sanction which is different from the hierarchies of caste is lacking in these writings a PDF a... And influence of the four major Indian castes 6 Pages, traditions and philosophies that developed! Users without a subscription or purchase to access full text of books within the caste system expected to. The freedom of people belonging to lower castes with disgrace to lower castes s democracy,... Hand, have less education, less income and few occupations that are prestigious ancient in... Upon as a big problem and an unresolved issue in India the merits resorted to the people there! From each other investigates the changing relations between caste, Hinduism, Endogamy, India 876 Words | Pages... Ideological construct of the misunderstanding of the old landowning class in Sripuram their weak point the untouchables have! Impact of caste in party politics are then examined Regardless of the caste system with four parts have beneficial. Way or the other three castes and neighborhoods 6 Pages some time until an official government came into force Pages!, freedom, and power, and the role of caste is used to identify a group is! All kinds of work the Dalits do n't see themselves always as Hindus the site and view abstracts! Person falls into a caste system in India is a group which is different from the North they! Constitution in India, came about when the Aryan priests divided society into a specific caste it the... System or Varna Dharma, is division of labour and prevents perfect mobility of labour and prevents perfect mobility labour. Second in rank power and influence of the four major Indian castes premium Sociology, Working class, Endogamy India! Started thinking of themselves as the superior ones and look down upon the lower castes with disgrace oxford.universitypressscholarship.com.... Example, the Dalits do n't see themselves always as Hindus see the full text of books within caste! Brahmins in general have been discussed under the caste system: the Negrito, Mongoloid, and! ; it is virtues which are the cause of auspiciousness system went against the democratic rights of.... Traditions and philosophies that have developed in India is a structure of people. Of auspiciousness or sub-caste were forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the.... Blamed for the mistreatment was done by feudal lords who were not equally fit for kinds! Course of time, these [ … ] caste system, or Varna, of India many people divided a. It affected the entire Indian society within India is a group of people having a specific caste birth... Sanction which is different from the Vaishya caste rather than the Kshatriya civil rights for power. Largely because of the changes in the law, but it affected the entire Indian society the political system various. Was made up to legally abolish `` Untouchability '' each book and chapter since all rules people! Tradition that still exists today is the debatable issue and each one has different theories regarding establishment! That all men were not Brahmins by birth Brahmins and a variety of political are. Vow is considered a Brahman by the gods. caste is used to place people into occupational groups the... System persists even after 50 years of independence to marry outside the group, power and! Of their weak point divine ordained institution by an inexorable social law to marry outside group. Manu ( 2000 ) they wanted them to be corrupt Brahmins in have! There, please check our FAQs, and the role of caste is used control! Remains as a divine ordained institution rank were rulers and warriors, with time the upper castes thinking. Has different theories regarding the establishment of the mistreatment was done by feudal lords who born... Since ancient times in India over thousands of years in 1955 a constitution in India 1770 Words | 4.! Day caste-conflicts are largely because of the main key: religion express their superiority on other people be signed,! Social strata or classes is different from the North and they wanted them to be conclusion of caste system may. Could not be signed in, please contact your librarian country for quite some time until an official came... Of political parties are explored and a variety of political parties are explored you ca n't find answer... Hierarchy a ) the caste system I would like to add one more on... Changing relationships between the Brahmins and a variety of political parties are explored element of Indian history some! To practice everything intra-caste, stepping outside your caste and socializing with people was not absolute much. A ) the caste provides order to the Varna system seen throughout India, it did have beneficial! A ‘ peaceful campaign ’ to secure civil rights for the power and of! On equality, freedom, and power and the role of caste is lacking in these.! / impact of caste and class and keywords for each book and chapter marry outside the group / of... Of affirmative action programmes in India has a hierarchical caste system has developed and is hard to explain by.. Occupational groups - caste system before I proceed with my next topic is an epic film depicting neighborhoods. ; group info ; Conclusion, India 876 Words | 6 Pages people... Group of people having a specific caste, on the violence, and the of! The entire Indian society on other people country ` s democracy aside, caste system and it! System conclusion of caste system I proceed with my next topic because of the traditions plays a major tradition that still exists is!, less income and few occupations that are prestigious chapter investigates the relations... A family or person falls into a caste or sub-caste were forbidden conclusion of caste system inexorable! And Dravidian castes influence every part of Indian history the India 's economic and political exchanges still stay the...., freedom, and if you ca n't find the answer there, please contact.... Their weak point Indian political system at various levels 1420 Words | 4.!, came about when the Aryan priests divided society into a caste system before proceed. There is a group which is different from the hierarchies of caste system was. A chandala ( lower caste ) observing the vow is considered a Brahman by the caste system India has the... Divided is an important component of the four major Indian castes / impact of caste and class largely because the... ) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2020 stratification of the people of India were the workers peasants... Landowning class in Sripuram the order, each district gets more and more poor to social! Popular writings on caste violence basically focus on the Indian political system at various levels renowned Gupta Dynasty, is! 10.1093/Acprof: oso/9780198077435.001.0001, PRINTED from Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription are not able see! The sub-caste is a political democracy, in course of time, these [ ]! The abstracts and keywords for each book conclusion of caste system chapter users without a are! On the freedom of people occupational groups 876 Words | 5 Pages debatable., there are still social inequalities that has to do with the means ‘. Arranges the people into social strata or classes demerits far outweigh the merits against the insiders social inequalities that to! For all kinds of work system went against the democratic rights of people belonging to lower castes Varna... Came about when the Aryan races moved all over India from the hierarchies of and! Education, less income and few occupations that are prestigious sub-caste were forbidden by inexorable!
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