Sabang consists of Weh Island and several smaller islands off the northern tip of Sumatra. In the Solomons, the action turned to the Central and Northern Solomons between March and November. Jentschura, "Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945", p.25-60, p.79-87, p.104-113, 1st Air Fleet or Kidō Butai ("Mobile Force"), Imperial Japanese Navy order of battle 1941, List of Japanese Navy ships and war vessels in World War II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy_in_World_War_II&oldid=995711133, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Naval Civil Engineering and Construction Units, or, December 1941 — 291,359 including 1,500 pilots, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 14:00. Of the 12 battleships that were available at the beginning of the war in 1941–42, nine still remained operational, together with 14 out of the original 18 heavy cruisers. The following graphs present the rank insignia of the Japanese navy during World War II.These designs had been used from 1931-1945, but were discontinued after World War II, when the Imperial Japanese Navy had been dissolved.. In another vicious night battle, the Japanese were again turned back, losing the battleship Kirishima during the first battleship duel of the Pacific War. Most carriers were still under construction or cancelled by the end of the war, while the few completed ships never embarked air groups due to severe shortages of carrier-qualified aircrew. [56], Admiral Koga survived slightly less than a year as the Commander-in-Chief of Combined fleet. Naval treaties were later abrogated in 1937 and so destroyer development continued without regard to limits. the force turned southwest towards Okinawa. on April 7, the Japanese force passed the Ōsumi Peninsula into the open ocean heading south from Kyūshū. [55] The four Japanese air strikes had involved 373 carrier aircraft, of which only 130 returned. Major Japanese Army and Naval Base WW2 is situated south of Seliap. The Japanese … [27] His proposal to achieve this was by attacking Midway Atoll an objective he believed the Americans would have no choice but to fight for. [18] Achieving total surprise, the well-trained Japanese aircrews dealt a series of heavy blows against the Pacific Fleet. [62], After Leyte Gulf, the IJN was finished as an effective force. [51] Operation KE was successful and 10,652 men, were evacuated from Guadalcanal, with Japanese losses only being a single destroyer. After the victory at Santa Cruz, the Japanese were sure that the naval balance in the south Pacific had swung in their favor. On Dec. 7, 1941, the aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy rained devastation upon the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. [19] In the first major surface engagement of the war on February 27 at the Java Sea, an Allied naval force was defeated by a Japanese one of similar size. One exception was the Taihō, which was the only Japanese carrier with an armored flight deck and first to incorporate a closed hurricane bow. WWII Imperial Japanese Naval Aviation Page At the begining of World War II, the Imperial Navy had created the finest naval aviation corps in the world. It is located in one of the 26 major cities of Western Tokyo – Fussa. The Japanese … Although the Combined Fleet had moved its major vessels out in time to avoid being caught at anchor in the atoll, two days of air attacks resulted in significant losses to Japanese aircraft and merchant shipping. [79] In May 1942, Type A midget submarines were used in the attack on Sydney Harbour and the Battle of Madagascar. [60] The main Center Force would pass through the San Bernardino Strait into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then attack the landing area. Through strategic and tactical surprise, the carriers would knock out Midway's air strength and soften it for a landing by 5,000 troops. [27], In April 1942, the Doolittle Raid, carried out by 16 bombers that took off from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, 600 miles (970 km) from Japan, also a major impact on Japanese strategy. Volume I Contents Part I - The War Program and Its Direction Chapter Page 1- Planning the Public Works Program 1 2- Financing the War Construction 25 3- Wartime Organization and Growth of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 61 4- Wartime Contract Construction Problems 77 5- Procurement and Logistics for Advance Bases 115 6- The Seabees 133 7- Advance Base Equipment … [15], It was also clear to the Japanese that in order to win the decisive battle they would have to make up for their numerical disadvantage. In early 1942, the Japanese had already reached the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, prior to an intended push on Australia and possibly New Zealand. As a result of the changing technology as well as unexpected heavy losses in aircraft carriers in 1942, plans for even larger battleships, such as the Japanese Super Yamato-class battleships, were cancelled. Foreword. Yamamoto also agreed to include an attack to seize strategic points in the Aleutian Islands simultaneously with the Midway operation, these were enough to remove the Japanese margin of superiority in the coming Midway attack. Simply put, this movie is beautiful. JAVA, destroyers HMS ELECTRA, ENCOUNTER, JUPITER, … All catapult aircraft on board the warships were ordered back to Kyūshū. He also believed that since a traditional victory against the United States was not possible, he had to shatter American morale and force a negotiated peace. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto had been killed on April 18, 1943. Many other ships of the Center Force were attacked, but continued on. [18] The initial attacks against Hawaiian airfields were also very successful and negated any possibility of an effective airborne defense or the initiation of a retaliatory strike on the Japanese carriers by American aircraft. The IJN did not have an efficient process for rapid training of aviators, as two years of training were usually considered necessary for a carrier flyer. In the late 1920s the navy began to form Special Naval Landing Forces as standing regiments (albeit of battalion size). After several delays, the Japanese began the offensive on October 24. The ship was sunk in Truck Lagoon on February 16, 1944, by the U.S. Navy during Operation Hailstorm. [24] The operation began in April with the Japanese delivering heavy attacks against British bases at Colombo and Trincomalee. A third and final operation was conducted with 18 destroyers on February 7. Although this defeat was severe in terms of the loss of the fleet carriers Taihō, Shōkaku, and Hiyō, the real disaster was the annihilation of the carrier air groups. Instead of remaining in separate fleets, most of the front-line battleships, cruisers, and destroyers joined the carriers in the Mobile Fleet. [10] Defeat at the Philippine Sea was a disaster for Japanese naval air power with American pilots terming it, the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot,[11] while the battle of Leyte Gulf led to the destruction of a large part of the surface fleet. [66] However, they only managed to complete Yamato and Musashi, while the third member of the class Shinano was converted to an aircraft carrier and sunk before completion. In contrast, the Japanese lost 29 aircraft and five midget submarines. [28], Yamamoto thought it essential to complete the destruction of the United States Navy, which had begun at Pearl Harbor. Japanese aircraft were at least the equals of anything then flying in the West, and in some cases (as with the legendary Zero fighter) were substantially better. Yamato, the heaviest and most heavily armed battleship in history, was launched in 1941. A second, more damaging attack came the next day, though the P-40 Aleutian Tigers scrambled to intercept the enemy from a secret base (Fort Glenn) on Umnak Island. [60] Convinced that their attacks had made the Center Force ineffective, the American carriers headed north to address the newly detected threat of the Japanese carriers. Aside from the usual changes arising from experience, serious design faults also came to light and naval treaties imposed restrictions. [30] The MO Operation featured a force of 60 ships led by the two carriers: Shōkaku and Zuikaku, one light carrier (Shōhō), six heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and 15 destroyers. That was a contest of aircr… Some Hornet SBSs attacked the heavy cruiser Chikuma, damaging her so severely that she was had to return to the port at Truk. [54] In May 1943, the Japanese prepared the Operation Z or the Z plan, which envisioned the use of the IJN to counter American forces threatening the Japanese outer defense perimeter line. The Americans lost 109 dead, 123 aircraft (80 of which ran out of fuel returning from the strike on the Japanese fleet), and bomb damage to the battleship South Dakota. The only problem encountered by the Japanese during the First Operational Phase was the failure to occupy the Philippines on schedule. [33], Yamamoto perceived the operation against Midway as the potentially decisive battle of the war which could open the door for a negotiated peace favorable to Japan. Commander Fleet Activities Yokosuka. These jet designs were partially based on technology received from Nazi Germany, usually in the form of a few drawings only (Kikka being based on the Messerschmitt Me 262 and the J8M on the Messerschmitt Me 163), so Japanese manufacturers had to play a key role in the final engineering. The evacuation was carefully planned to take place in three destroyer lifts and would begin in late January 1943. The 16th Battalion built a fighter strip, 3500 feet by 200 feet, and a bomber strip, 6100 feet by 220 feet. Naval ground units, which played an important part in JAPAN's early victories, may assume an equally important role in the final attempt to deny beaches and approaches to troops invading the Empire. Additionally, torpedoes sank a target ship and a minelayer, and damaged the two light cruisers, Helena and Raleigh. The campaign in the Solomon Islands, in which the Japanese lost the war of attrition, was the most decisive; they had failed to commit enough forces in sufficient time. The Commodore, who survived Pearl Harbor, created the phenomenal mobile service command that allowed the US Navy to head for Japan in great strides. The Americans then targeted the Musashi and sank it under a barrage of torpedo and bomb hits. This would force the United States to undertake a drive across the Pacific to retake them. [52] In mid-April, the Japanese concluded the operation claiming success against Allied shipping and defending fighters. Major Japanese Army and Naval Base WW2 is a historical site in Yap. The Commodore, who survived Pearl Harbor, created the phenomenal mobile service command that allowed the US Navy to head for Japan in great strides. The Build Up The islands of Espiritu Santo and Efate became strategically important for the Allied war effort following the commencement of the Pacific War in December 1941. [48] The Combined Fleet departed Truk on October 11 with a force of four battleships, four carriers, nine cruisers, and 25 destroyers. [18] A single torpedo hit also struck the Nevada. Shipyard, Naval Port. Japan began the war with a highly competent naval air force designed around some of the best airplanes in the world: the A6M Zero was considered the best carrier aircraft of the beginning of the war, the Mitsubishi G3M bomber was remarkable for its range and speed, and the Kawanishi H8K was the world's best flying boat. Defence units or Bobitai or Boei-han: detachments of 200 to 400 men. Second, it is to showcase Lava's technical capabilities. Although there were delays in engine development,[73] several new competitive aircraft designs were developed during the war, but industrial weaknesses, lack of raw materials and disorganization due to Allied bombing raids hampered their mass-production. [53] This marked the end of major IJN operations in the South Pacific and the end of Rabaul as a major base. Just after midnight on the night of 25–26 October, an American PBY patrol aircraft located the Japanese fleet. [29] During a series of meetings held from April 2–5 between the Naval General Staff and representatives of the Combined Fleet a compromise was reached. As for naval aircraft, the Japanese were as strong as they had been at the beginning of the war. The base works as the headquarters of the army of The United States parked in Japan. [50] The evacuation of Guadalcanal was codenamed Operation KE. [55], In February 1944, the US Navy's fast carrier task force attacked the major Japanese naval base of Truk during Operation Hailstone. [51] To rectify Japan's declining position, Yamamoto devised a major air offensive to counter the growing Allied strength in the Solomons. The IJN, Japanese had 11 battleships and 10 aircraft carriers. [68] From 1935–1938, Akagi and Kaga received extensive rebuilds to improve their aircraft handling capacity. [50] The Japanese then attempted another bombardment with a force centering on the battleship Kirishima, with support from two heavy cruisers and two destroyer squadrons. Through a ring of antiaircraft fire and the carriers fighter cover, the Japanese dive and torpedo bombers registered a number of hits on the Hornet. [50] The attrition suffered by the Japanese during the battles for Guadalcanal was too great. [53] It was the first time in the war that the Japanese destroyers had been beaten during a night battle. However, they did not press home their advantage, and were content to conduct a largely indecisive gunnery duel before breaking off. [20], American losses were heavy; 2,403 personnel and bystanders were killed, 18 ships were damaged or sunk, and 188 aircraft were destroyed. Japanese World War II destroyers (駆逐艦 Kuchikukan) included some of the most formidable destroyers of their day. After the second day of the battle, Japanese losses were 3,000 dead, three carriers, two fleet oilers, more than 400 carrier aircraft, and around 200 land-based aircraft, plus damage to several ships. The waves of aircraft were continuous. The Build Up The islands of Espiritu Santo and Efate became strategically important for the Allied war effort following the commencement of the Pacific War in December 1941. In the early war years, their advantages were exploited against the often second rate and poorly coordinated Allied ships stationed in the region such as at the IJN victory in the Battle of the Java Sea. After departing from Brunei Bay on October 20, the Center Force was attacked by two American submarines which resulted in the loss of two heavy cruisers with another crippled. The islands lie about 10 1/2 miles north of Banda Aceh. [18] What made the whole operation possible was the formidable Kido Butai with six carriers and over 400 embarked aircraft. [nb 3]. The Yamato suffered heavy damage and by 14.05 hrs. & 1/3000 scale. The island of Guam was seized on December 8 after token American resistance. Naval gunfire finished off the second battleship and the heavy cruiser, with only a single Japanese destroyer surviving. … [18], The Japanese strategy for the coming conflict would be to fight a limited war, in which Japan would seize key objectives and then create a defensive perimeter to defeat Allied counterattacks, this would in turn would lead to a negotiated peace settlement. This came as a nasty surprise to the Allies, who had generally underestimated Japanese technical capabilities. Is military base in Japan. [42] The outcome it did not lead to the end of the highly trained carrier aircrews[43] or radically degrade the fighting capabilities of Japanese naval aviation as a whole. [65] The Yahagi, Hamakaze, and Isokaze were battered by torpedoes and bombs and were sunk. [32] After the quick capture of the island, the Combined Fleet would lay the basis for the most important part of the operation. [30] However, the actual battle did not go according to plan, although Tulagi was seized on May 3, the following day, aircraft from the American carrier Yorktown struck the invasion force. The Base Force or Tokubetsu Konkyochitai provided services, primarily security, to naval facilities 3. The Imperial General Headquarters decided to use every available resource to dislodge the enemy. The Japanese had been defeated more by a failure to mass their forces rather than by being outfought. Japan’s Fatally Flawed Air Forces in World War II Japanese fighters and bombers lay abandoned at Atsugi Naval air base at the end of the war. Under international law civilians were not permitted to resist enemy military attack. To support this effort, the Combined Fleet stepped up night runs by destroyers and high-speed seaplane carriers (which carried the soldiers' heavy equipment) to Guadalcanal, and a transport convoy was assembled. [10] However, American industrial power became apparent and the military forces that faced the Japanese in 1943 were so overwhelming in firepower and equipment,[10] that from the end of 1943 to 1944 Japan's defensive perimeter failed to hold. [17], The operation was risky as it exposed the IJN's most powerful striking force to early destruction and consequently Yamamoto had great difficulty getting his plan to attack Pearl Harbor approved by a skeptical Naval General Staff,[18] as the Naval General Staff was responsible for directing operations and exercised supreme command over the navy but this is not how Yamamoto viewed the situation. [65] Asashimo fell behind and was also sunk. [28] With only Marcus Island and a line of converted trawlers patrolling the vast waters that separate Wake and Kamchatka, the Japanese east coast was left open to attack. Allied naval opposition to the Imperial Japanese Navy during the First Operational Phase was sporadic and ineffective. The Japanese assumed that at the start of any conflict they would quickly seize the largely unprotected American-held Philippines. [10] American forces ultimately managed to gain the upper hand through a vastly greater industrial output and a modernization of its air and naval forces. This realization brought with it a change in fleet organization. A large number of these Japanese carriers were of small size, however, in accordance with the limitations placed upon the Navy by the London and Washington Naval Conferences. By 9.30 am the carrier was dead in the water, but planes from the Hornet had also located the Japanese and six bombs struck the deck of the Shōkaku, removing her from the battle. These submarines were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict, the Type 95 torpedo, a 533 mm (21 in) version of the famous 610 mm (24 in) Type 93.[77]. Losses were extremely heavy with four carriers, three battleships, six heavy cruisers, four light cruisers and eleven destroyers sunk. It was the largest Japanese forward naval base, comparable in size and significance to Pearl Harbor. [10] In 1943, the Japanese also turned their attention to the defensive perimeters of their previous conquests. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, the U.S. occupied the country and devised a constitution that prevented its erstwhile enemy from forming a normal military. [50] Hiei was damaged and the following day was sunk by American aircraft, becoming the first Japanese battleship to be lost in the war. [58] More aircraft and their crews were lost when Taihō and Shōkaku were sunk by American submarines. Both of her attacks damaged the Yorktown and put the carrier out of action. It benefits from a 3.3 km long […] The force had defensive formation, with Yahagi leading Yamato and the eight destroyers deployed in a ring around the two larger ships, with each ship 1,500 m (1,600 yd) from each other and proceeding at 20 kn (23 mph; 37 km/h). As a result, the MO Operation was cancelled. Special Naval Landing Force or Rikusentai or kaigun rikusentai or Tokubetsu Rikusentai: the Japanese Marines 2. They then based their possible actions on the defense of an inner perimeter, which included the Marianas, Palau, Western New Guinea, and the Dutch East Indies. Arsenal de Brest. For those interested in making bases for the the units, there is a line item list of each ship and its image size in both inches and millimetres. Lyle E. Eberspecher. [74] Radical new plane designs were also developed, such as the canard design Shinden, and especially jet-powered aircraft such as the Nakajima Kikka and the rocket-propelled Mitsubishi J8M Shusui. [16] This assumption was built on two pillars, both became driving forces in Japanese naval construction, tactical development and training between the wars. [46] Although the American carrier Enterprise was damaged, she managed to elude Japanese attempts to sink her. National Archives. Only the fast battleships (formerly battlecruisers) of the Kongo class saw much action due to their speed, while the slower and heavier battleships were held in reserve for a decisive engagement of battleships versus battleships which never really happened. [13] By May 1945, most of the Imperial Japanese Navy had been sunk and the remnants had taken refuge in Japan's harbors. Finding the Japanese force just before dawn, two SBDs dive-bombers from the Enterprise attacked the Zuihō and scored a pair of hits that damaged the flight deck, consequently starting numerous fires on board the carrier. [64], The force departed Tokuyama on April 6 at 16:00 hrs. [45] Additionally, while the United States did have three large carriers in the Pacific, in comparison to Japan's two, the Japanese vessels had a total capacity for 382 aircraft, compared to 300 on the American carriers. The Battle of Santa Cruz was the fourth carrier clash of the war. The IJN consequently undertook an ambitious set of projects to convert commercial and military vessels into carriers, such as the Hiyō. It’s made by MAPPA, a major animation studio responsible for evocative anime like Kids on the Slope. After the 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entry into the war, the use of civilian labor in war zones became impractical. On October 6, the two sides met again. If the Americans attacked the Marianas, they would be attacked upon by land-based planes in that vicinity. In a series of meetings on October 17–18, 1941, Yamamoto threatened to resign unless his plan was approved, with this threat brought the final approval of the plan as Yamamoto was viewed as too valuable to lose. [25] However, the entire operation was a strategic dead end since it was only a temporary projection of power that could not be sustained and served only to put more strain on the Japanese carrier force. Map below left: U.S. Military Bases in Okinawa Today (from Page 6 "What Okinawa Wants you to Understand about the U.S. Military Bases by Okinawa Prefectural Government, Published in March 2018), Map below right: The location of Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Futenma in Ginowan City and its relocation site, Henoko and Oura Bay in Nago City (from Page 3 "What Okinawa Wants you to … Large columns of smoke rising from a burning Japanese naval base along a coast; a half-sunken Japanese ship is in the foreground. Japan Military Strength (2020) The country continues to look to the future and viable solutions to growing regional problems - namely the threat from North Korea. Since this required far fewer troops, on March 13 the Naval General Staff and the Army agreed to operations with the goal of capturing Fiji and Samoa. 1,400 aircraft. Off Cape Engaño, the Americans launched over 500 aircraft sorties at the Japanese force, followed up by a surface group of cruisers and destroyers. Hashirajima is a small island in the Hiroshima Bay and was the anchorage ground Combined Fleet. This was due to the views and actions of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto who had assumed command of the Combined Fleet in August 1939. In exchange for the loss of three heavy cruisers, Center Force sank a single escort carrier and three escorts. During and just prior to World War II the Japanese Navy used Magdalena Bay (Bahia Magdalena), 600 miles south of San Diego on the Baja penisula in Mexico, as a hiding place for submarines. During the first six months of the war, the Imperial Japanese Navy enjoyed spectacular success inflicting heavy defeats on Allied forces, being undefeated in every battle. However, this attempt was thwarted by a smaller American force of five cruisers and eight destroyers, which intercepted the Japanese force and a vicious night action ensued at close range. [27] However, the Naval General Staff, the Combined Fleet, and the Imperial Army, all had different views on the next sequence of operations. [12] Consequently, the Japanese lost control of the Western Pacific. The IJN also attempted to build a number of fleet carriers called the Unryū-class, mostly based on the older Hiryū design rather than the newer Shōkaku or Taihō for the sake of reducing construction cost and time. According to Wikipedia, in March 1944 the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ordered the construction The survivors were given to the Allies. The First Operational Phase was further divided into three separate parts; during these, the major objectives of the Philippines, British Malaya, Borneo, Burma, Rabaul, and the Dutch East Indies would be occupied. [26], The ease with which the Japanese accomplished their initial objectives led to the severe underestimation of the enemy and the resulted failure to concentrate the IJN's superior forces at key places and times. [55], Though the Japanese had been leaders in carrier development, at the beginning of the war many of the IJN's top commanders were still battleship or "Big Gun" adherents. [67], In the 1920s, the Kaga (originally laid down as a battleship) and a similar ship, the Akagi (originally laid down as a battlecruiser) were converted to aircraft carriers (航空母艦 Kōkūbokan) to satisfy the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Yokota Air Base is one of the US military bases set up on the territory of Japan after World War II. Late the next day, the Japanese were subjected to American carrier air attack, suffering the loss of several ships, including the carrier Hiyō. A-GO envisioned a decisive fleet action, where the areas for the decisive battle were deemed to be the Palaus and the Western Carolines. Japanese losses were heavy with 75 carrier aircraft, a light carrier, a transport, and a destroyer lost. Ultimately, the maturity of air power spelled doom for the battleship. It shelters to 14.000 workforce, and is used for air missions that include this Asian. [48], Concurrently with the Army's offensive on Guadalcanal, the IJN planned their largest naval operation to date in order to counter and defeat any American naval forces operating in support of the Marines on Guadalcanal. The Yorktown along with the destroyer Hammann were later sunk by the Japanese submarine I-168. Building the Navy's Bases, vol. The aircraft from Midway attacked, but failed to score a single hit on the Japanese fleet. [50] Naval losses were heavy for both sides; the Americans lost two cruisers and seven destroyers and many ships had been severely damaged. This brought the Japanese air strength there to some 350 aircraft. [80], Early models were not very maneuverable under water, could not dive very deep, and lacked radar. Japanese aircraft were at least the equals of anything then flying in the West, and in some cases (as with the legendary Zero fighter) were substantially better. [72] The inexperience of IJN pilots who were trained in the later part of the war was especially evident during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, when their aircraft were shot down in droves by the American naval pilots in what the Americans later called the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot". [17] Instead of utilizing the costly and time-consuming alternative of seizing hundreds of small islands on which to build a series of land bases and airstrips. There are ships belonging to both sides sharing the port and fully cooperating for its maintenance. [64] At 11.15 hrs. With the striking power of the Kido Butai having been destroyed, Japan's offensive power was blunted. [5] The Japanese operations to conquer Southeast Asia and establish to a defensive perimeter could proceed without interference, and the U.S. Navy was unable to launch a major trans-Pacific counteroffensive for two years. At the begining of World War II, the Imperial Navy had created the finest naval aviation corps in the world. The Japanese had spent the better part of a year reconstituting their carrier air groups. The following day, Admiral Mineichi Koga succeeded Yamamoto as Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet. Laid down in 1937 and still the measure of naval power at the start of World War 2. During the war, Japan managed to sink about 1 million tons of merchant shipping (170 ships) with her 184 submarines, compared to 1.5 million tons for Britain (493 ships), 4.65 million tons for the US (1079 ships)[81] and 14.5 million tons for Germany (2,000 ships) with 1,000 U-Boats. This set is available in either US Letter or A4 paper size. [6] However, at Coral Sea the Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia[6] while the defeat at Midway saw them forced on the defensive. Given The battleship was subsequently beached to avoid blocking the channel. Every prefecture's capital city and some big cities have its army bases. On September 15, the submarine I-19 sank the carrier Wasp, leaving only a single American carrier, the Hornet, active in the Pacific.

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