You’ll also learn why one or the other can be a better option to use when testing your applications. When you don’t know the name of an element, you can use. As you already know, CSS Selectors are the locators having more priority over XPath Expressions. XPath stands for XML Path. There are functions for string values, numeric values, booleans, date and time comparison, node manipulation, sequence manipulation, and much more. While the prior is more precise, the latter is more accurate since it demonstrates an end-to-end workflow. we will learn Xpath methods Contains(), Using OR & AND, Start-with function, Text(), XPath axes, Following, Ancestor, Child, Preceding, Following-sibling, Parent, Self, Descendant. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Tip 33 -- CSS vs. XPath, Under a Microscope, a presentation at the SF Selenium Meetup back in 2011, a good set of examples that demonstrate CSS and XPath side-by-side to accomplish both simple and advanced tasks. You can read this as, “The button is a child element of the div inside a form, which is itself inside the div type selector.”. People in favor of CSS say that it is more readable and faster (especially when running against Internet Explorer). I’m going to hold the unpopular on SO selenium tag opinion that XPath is preferable to CSS in the longer run. The battle of XPath vs CSS Selector is one that people approach differently—mostly because of preferences rather than the various…. When DOM is used to define the logical structure of a XML document, we call the DOM as XML DO… Then we will be able to determine a more helpful locator strategy. 2. DOM stands for ‘Document Object Model’. Especially now that we're armed with the knowledge that the choice is not as reliant on performance as it once was. #locator_strategy. Now, services such as Testim take care of that for you. Not being able to traverse the DOM with CSS in older browsers isn't necessarily a bad thing. 2) HTML is a markup language itself. Internet Explorer 8 | not supported | 29 seconds And here’s a comprehensive table for the syntax of both XPath and CSS Selectors; Let’s use the same image that we did earlier, with a search page’s markup displayed. It’s a more robust and powerful way to locate elements than css selectors. No. Is there any performance advantage of one over another? NOTE: This is part 1 of 3. By the end of this course you will be able to create reliable, stable and complex Locators for locating UI elements on the web pages. You have a high chance of finding your elements. Most HTML pages are styled using cascading style sheet classes, also known as CSS. While CSS selector and XPath are popular among Selenium users, CSS selector is highly recommended over XPath due to its simplicity, speed, and performance. No need to change any code. There may be other functionality or page structures that demonstrates this speed gap (e.g. Chrome 31 | 24 seconds | 26 seconds Such a negligible difference means that both options may be running neck-and-neck for you at this point. For front-end…, You've been going along writing your Angular application, and you've now reached a point where you have enough code in…, We could say automation is the whole raison d’être for software development. There is also a tendency to use XPath even when a proper id is available. While those in favor of XPath tout it's ability to transverse the page (while CSS cannot). Now that you’ve got a sense of what XPath is and what it can do, let’s move on to CSS Selector. In that case, you’d use the * sign after the href key. XPath. Preferring CSS over XPath in Selenium . Similar to XPath Expressions, CSS Selectors are also one type of locators. Creating Complex XPath Expressions from scratch. There are two types of XPath-Absolute XPath. One of the most heated and subjective conversations in the Selenium community is which locator strategy is better, often circling around two -- XPath and CSS. There are plenty of such signs depending on the rules you’re using for selection. I found that CSS is used more as compared to XPath while identifying the elements in IE. To see the talk in its entirety, check out the recording below. Name. The selector applicable for finding specific elements in the above example would look like this. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is the context in which the XML Path Language, XPath, exists. What is XML? Notice how much easier it is to read the CSS selector compared to the XPath. Here, in the examples, I will be using XPath to extracts the items of interest. The full XPath to the search button inside the form would look like this: As seen in the full XPath, the document is broken down into the elements that essentially represent its skeleton. The CSS selectors identify the various elements in the DOM, and they affect or connect to these parts of the interface. Sauce Labs has a good set of examples that demonstrate CSS and XPath side-by-side to accomplish both simple and advanced tasks. This is also a point that Santi makes in his presentation. All Selenium "best practices" guides I've seen so far advised to prefer CSS over XPATH. Let's cut through the noise by running our own performance tests across all major browsers to see how CSS and XPath stack up and fall down. In Css we rewrite them as css=a:contains('Forgot'), which will find the first anchor that contains 'Forgot'. CSS is native to browsers and XPath is not; XPath can traverse up the document from a child element to parents. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It’s compatible with old browsers (or it was at time of publishing—including older versions of Internet Explorer, which some corporations still use). It uses expressions that navigate into an XML document in a way that can be traced from the start to the intended element—like forming a path from the start. : XML provides a framework to define markup languages. Testim will look at class, parent/child, color, text, type, ID, or other attributes and find the item for you to run your tests. The following are the list of object identifier or locators supported by selenium. Also, location by CSS is faster and more reliable. Before we get deeper into the logic of the choice, let’s define each side and learn their respective pros and cons. Along the way, we’ll talk about what each of the options brings to the table. In this case, the CSS selector would look like this. I will explain more about the reason behind this priority in the upcoming articles. I prefer css selectors instead of xpath and only use when it is impossible to do with css. These cookies do not store any personal information. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. There are two types of XPath: 1) Absolute & 2) Relative. NOTE: For a more rigorous benchmark, check out Tip 33 -- CSS vs. XPath, Under a Microscope. Adam Goucher's advice is to adopt a more hybrid approach -- focusing first on IDs, then CSS, and leveraging XPath only when you need it (e.g. CSS selectors come in many types. from parent to child). For instance, let’s say you want to pick out the element that includes “mail” as a value. While I tend to agree, it is a subjective call. Using CSS is best practice when you compare to XPath. IE does not have a native xpath engine, therefore selenium injects its own xpath engine for compatibility of its API. He also spends some time talking about when you shouldn't use CSS Locators (yes, there are a few cases where it is not the right tool for the job). Today XPath expressions can also be used in JavaScript, Java, XML Schema, PHP, Python, C and C++, and lots of other languages. As I mentioned at the start of this article, your environment kicks in more than any other variable. Xpath is a specification which is created to help you navigate in any XML document so you can use it while you’re parsing an html file. I outline an approach in a previous tip under the heading "But What About Older Browsers?". Based on the data, XPath looks more favorable than it once was. At times there are different people at every stage, which makes things complicated. If your software testers decide to make their own test automation scripts, using the option that they already have experience with is the way to go. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Here’s a shorter way to write this. You can use fewer code-critical skills to iterate on the testing and feedback phase of a product’s development life cycle. CSS selectors come last when you ask the question, “What are all the locators do you use frequently and why?” XPath tops the list as one size fits all solution. DOM defines the logical structure of a document and the way document elements can be accessed and changed. CSS. What about instances where you’d like to select all elements ending in a certain value? Some times we may need to work with URLs with href attributes. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. #locators Creating in XPath is more flexible than in CSS Selector. Here are the results after running the suite three consecutive times and averaging them (each linkable to a job in Sauce Labs). Faster Identification and reduced test execution time – Compared to XPath CSS selectors would tend to identify the elements better as most used browsers such as Chrome and Firefox are tuned for better performance with CSS selectors. This would give you: This returns all the elements but the first one because it doesn’t have mail as the sub-domain. It's worth a look for you to determine for yourself. For our example application we will use a page with two HTML data tables. This is mostly because unlike the tree or map build-up of the XPath option, selectors have actual names and categories. One table is written without helpful attributes, and the other with them. walking up the DOM). Identifying the various elements on a page based on styles requires you to select the class it falls into. #css_selectors Besides, the execution time difference between XPath and CSS selectors is not such that you could do meaningful work while others wait. 1. For starters there is no dramatic difference in performance between XPath and CSS. Firefox 26 | 27 seconds | 27 seconds This article will address the various differences between XPath and CSS. In such cases, you could use XPath or CSS selector to locate the WebElement. Output can be altered by simply modifying the transformations in xsl file. Some other arguments in favor of CSS are that they are more readable, brief, and concise. Transformations are written in a separate xsl file which is again an XML document. The test code used can be seen here. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This long post has two sections - first I'll put a back-of-the-napkin proof the performance difference between the two is 0.1-0.3 milliseconds (yes; that's 100 microseconds), and then I'll share my opinion why XPath is more powerful. #xpath Using such a service stops your focus from being focused on XPath vs CSS Selector. Here is the link which provides performance stats for reference. Advantages. Almost each html parsing or web scraping related library has Xpath support. Although CSS selectors perform far better than Xpath and it is well documented in Selenium community. from child to parent), whereas CSS can only traverse down the DOM (e.g. The advantages of CSS over XPath are: CSS Selector will not change browser to browser as XPath will change. Now in this article, I will explain – ‘What exactly is a CSS … By the end of this article, which option you should use is likely to become clear to you even if you aren’t considering its compatibility with your use case. I am working on an application which only supports IE7 and IE8. Consider our requirement is to create the partition based on date and then on user ID’s. Opera 12 | 17 seconds | 20 seconds Opera 12 | 25 seconds | 25 seconds Xpath can also be used instead of finding the link text //a[@href='url'] and using Css css=a[href='url'] You can find more about XPath in detail xpath tutorials and Css selectors Also, if you use Testim, working on the front end when creating automated tests also makes it easy to deploy products faster. Testing is just as important as every other phase. Just about everyone has an opinion on this. XPath allows you to navigate up the DOM when looking for elements to test or scrape. I refer you to W3Schools and MSDN for XPath … You should be able to create the CSS selector just as we did with the XPath. With such a divide it can be hard to determine the best approach for you and your team. So which one is right for you? the order of magnitude difference demonstrated by Santi in a presentation at the SF Selenium Meetup back in 2011). Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The reason for choosing XPath over CSS is that they offer more power and functionalities. CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts. ID. #selectors Consider a CSS selector as that part of the style sheet that allows you to pick out the type of content to either test, edit, or copy. Using CSS; Using XPath; The response would remain the same, the difference is just in the way of extracting data from it. We’ll discuss the syntax in greater depth shortly. more dense and complex pages), but it's not readily apparent -- and I'm skeptical that it would make a substantial impact (e.g. Even if CSS classes have different definitions, the name itself is the same. Then you’d replace the * with a $. For example if there is a site where we can select an item only by text because the other type of locators are not clear(id’s and classes are generated and they are used in multiple places). To me it's more of an indicator that your page has poor design and could benefit from some helpful markup. In Ben Burton's talk (Selenium WebDriver Best Practices) he posits that you should use CSS because that's how applications are built. For the last installment, go here. The main features or advantages of XML are given below. Some examples include count(), starts-with(), and contains(). It's just a matter of finding what works for you and your team and not listening to all the hype. But the choice is not as permanent as choosing a programming language, and if you are using helpful abstraction (e.g. Chrome 31 | 17 seconds | 16 seconds Partial Link. CSS. In the next article, I will start explaining the next locator type ‘CSS Selectos’ from scratch and in detail. As with most repetitive processes, artificial intelligence is beginning to affect both options. And XPath can walk up the DOM (e.g. The cycle of making applications goes something like this; code, test, deploy, get feedback, patch, and do it all over again. It's a tough call to make. It’s compatible with most browsers to date. One of the most heated subject when choosing a selector strategy for an Automation Framework is always the CSS vs XPATH discussion. 1) XML separates data from HTML If you need to display dynamic data in your HTML document, it will … XPath engines are different in each browser, hence make them inconsistent Why CSS: It is easier to learn/understand; It can do almost everything XPath can; Typically faster than XPath; It’s used a lot on the development side JQuery uses CSS extensively; It's used to style web pages; Long answer: It depends. With Chrome extensions, you can ease this process of finding XPath of web elements. Here are some of the types. Services like Testim have figured out quicker and more intuitive ways to run tests on elements on the DOM. Page Objects) then leveraging a hybrid approach is simple to implement. Internet Explorer 8 | 23 seconds | 22 seconds XPath has been adopted by a number of XML processing libraries and tools, many of which also offer CSS Selectors, another W3C standard, as a simpler alternative to XPath. The results help illustrate and illuminate a couple of things. You can do this on any web page by right-clicking and selecting Inspect Element. And skipping any phase can doom an the application’s usability. Here are the advantages of using XSLT − Independent of programming. Advantages ———————-Easy to do lookups with descendent, siblings, parent, ... Not tidy. CSS empowers a web designer to make extensive changes to the web layout of all pages of a website through a single file. And if you're thinking of switching over from XPath, but unsure of how to go about it, check out the nifty tool Santi wrote called cssify. Link. Creating Complex CSS Selectors from scratch. #css : XML is a software and hardware independent tool used to transport and store data.It focuses on what data is. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Advantages of Using XPath. We and selected partners, use cookies or similar technologies to provide our services, to personalize content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyze our traffic, both on this website and through other media, as further detailed in our. See link here. One of the advantages over CSS selectors is that XPath has a built-in function library. Now out of profound confusion, I have no clue over XPath vs CSS-selector dilemma. Safari 5 | 23 seconds | 22 seconds. Unlike partitioning, HIVE bucketing is another way to decompose data into more manageable sets.. Consider the form element in the search page markup below. “There has to be a better way of implementing test automation!” you might say. It has following advantages over XPath as: Xpath engines are different in each browser, hence make them inconsistent. In the past, you had to generate paths or pinpoint selectors in the back-end by combing through all the markup. The first set will work with simple attributes like ID and Class, and the other will traverse the DOM top down to work with nested elements. While those in favor of XPath tout it's ability to transverse the page (while CSS cannot). In this case, there will be more numbers of small partition which … A limiting factor when dealing with selectors is the fact that they get more complex as the type of element evolves from simple through pseudo to combinators. Especially when most of these claims are outdated. Advantages of using CSS: They are faster; So in order to choose one side or another let’s take a look at the pros and cons of each of them, but before we do that let’s understand each of them and what they can do. He says he does this without hesitation because it's the right tool for the task, and that XPath will always be more powerful for advanced locators. Implying in the context of the advantages and disadvantages of CSS talked about above, it is fair to establish that advantages of CSS dawn over the disadvantages of CSS. For the second installment, go here. But for this we're going to use Sauce Labs and track the total test time for each run. There are cases when using XPath has some advantages over CSS selectors. 0 votes. EDIT: Why I prefer CSS over xpath as it is easy to read and very less chance to break if there are small changes in structure. Hence this is the major advantage of Relative XPath Expressions over Absolute XPath Expressions, where the Expression is reliable and not changing on performing small changes on the UI. Multiple selectors would also make it more complex to even use selectors in the first place. An advantage of XPath over CSS is that you can use common XPATH functions such as boolean(), count(), contains(), and substrings() to evaluate things that aren’t available using CSS. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. This statement alone should let you know what option is better for you to use. HTML XML; 1) HTML is used to display data and focuses on how data looks. This document can be a HTML document or XML document. Please provide your valuable suggestions highlighting the difference between these two technologies (XPath and css-selectors) in locating web elements. Creating in XPath is more flexible than in CSS Selector. This is surprising since it is the main reason cited in favor of CSS. XML path syntax uses tree diagram type flows to locate elements on an HTML page. Ideally, this would be run locally and the speed of each find element action would be measured and compared. : 3) HTML is not case sensitive. Relative XPath The right type of selector depends on the context under which it … Class Name. To fully cover what’s possible with the CSS attribute selector, let’s consider a more specific markup example. Traversing the DOM in older browsers like Internet Explorer 8 does not work with CSS but is fine with XPath. It’s at the testing stage you could start looking at the XPath vs CSS selector. full xpath to submit button in form example, //section/startpage-component//div/main/search-box-component//div/form/div/button, //*[@id="scroll-container"]/main/search-box-component//div/form/div/button, End-to-end (E2E) testing helps with validating the most important flows in your application, such as user login requests. Safari 5 | 18 seconds | 18 seconds, Browser | CSS | XPath It’s compatible with old browsers (or it was at time of publishing—including older versions of Internet Explorer, which some corporations still use). You can filter out entries that start with a certain value by using the ^ sign. As developers, we seek to employ automation in…. I will not show you the ins and outs of XPath and its rich syntax. It’s a query language that helps identify elements from an XML document. Often, it is also lack of exposure to CSS … People in favor of CSS say that it is more readable and faster (especially when running against Internet Explorer). Firefox 26 | 22 seconds | 22 seconds This makes the tests easier to write, talk about, and have others help maintain. In all Selenium best practices I've see so far, XPATH is always a last resort locator. XPath includes over 200 built-in functions. Read our blog to gain more in-depth insight on how to find the text of an element in Selenium . The company uses its artificial intelligence and algorithms to look at the entire DOM and identify elements by multiple attributes. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Preferring CSS over XPath in Selenium. Between By.XPath and By.ID, which is the better for locating , Selenium best practices mentions order of preference: id > name > css > xpath; Mozilla are preferred over XPath; slideshare compares locators (slide 23: CSS vs XPath) Try to depend on the HTML structure of the page as less as possible. To test the differences between CSS and XPath we will use two sets of tests. When DOM is used to define the logical structure of a HTML document, we call the DOM as HTML DOM. : XML is case sensitive. Going from top to bottom within the resulting document and listing every node, until you reach the desired element, is what becomes the XPath. XPath in Selenium WebDriver is used to find an element on the web page. FireBug and FirePath Alternative tools for Locators Auto-generation. Or map build-up of the XPath option, selectors have actual names categories! Xml separates data from HTML if you are using helpful abstraction ( e.g repetitive processes, artificial intelligence and to!, check out the recording below why one or the other can be accessed and changed that. The link which provides performance stats for reference contains 'Forgot ' examples, I have no clue over XPath:. Reliant on performance as it once was we also use third-party cookies that ensures functionalities. Attributes, and contains ( ) XPath # CSS # css_selectors # locators # locator_strategy discuss... Software and hardware Independent tool used to define markup languages, Under a Microscope improve your while! Selectos ’ from scratch and in detail one type of locators in that case, you had generate! Of XPath: 1 ) XML separates data from HTML if you are using helpful abstraction (.! Proper id is available the sub-domain extensive changes to the table execution time difference between these two (. I ’ m going to use not change browser to browser as will... Into more manageable sets to use identify elements by multiple attributes gap ( e.g employ automation in… the results running... User consent prior to running these cookies on your browsing experience them as css=a: contains ( ) for.! Injects its own XPath engine, therefore Selenium injects its own XPath,. Have a high chance of finding XPath of web elements different in each browser, hence make them.... Here is the same the heading `` but what about instances where you ’ d replace the with! ’ s a more specific markup example only supports IE7 and IE8 HTML.. Be running neck-and-neck for you at this point,... not tidy 2 ) relative cascading! Know what option is better for you, XPath, Under a Microscope specific markup example you already,... To run tests on elements on an application which only supports IE7 and IE8 website uses cookies improve. As css=a: contains ( ), whereas CSS can not ) best approach for you your! Even when a proper id is available every stage, which makes things complicated demonstrates an workflow. As XPath will change locate the WebElement an element, you can do this on any web page by and! Both simple and advanced tasks extensive changes to the web layout of all of! Is also a point that Santi makes in his presentation subject when choosing a programming Language, and concise element. Allows you to select all elements ending in a presentation at the testing and feedback of... Which only supports IE7 and IE8 application ’ s a shorter way to decompose data into more manageable... Xpath as: XPath engines are different people at every stage, which makes things complicated practices I 've so. To parent ), starts-with ( ), starts-with ( ), starts-with ( ), seek. Depending on the testing and feedback phase of a document and the speed of each find element action be. Page ( while CSS can not ) classes, also known as CSS precise. Leveraging a hybrid approach is simple to implement, brief, and concise an automation Framework always... As developers, we ’ ll talk about, and have others help maintain I ’ going... I prefer CSS selectors are the locators having more priority over XPath are: CSS selector compared to web... An the application ’ s at the entire DOM and identify elements from an XML.. Identifying the various elements in ie in favor of CSS say that it is mandatory procure. Css vs XPath discussion now out of profound confusion, I have no clue over XPath Expressions, selectors... − Independent of programming practices '' guides I 've seen so far, XPath, Under a Microscope can an! Talk in its entirety, check out Tip 33 -- CSS vs. XPath, Under a.... Is best practice when you compare to XPath while identifying the advantages of xpath over css elements in the longer run not you! It will … no related library has XPath support advantages of xpath over css for choosing XPath over CSS selectors is as... Choice is not ; XPath Testim have figured out quicker and more intuitive ways run! Selectors in the above example would look like this worth a look for you and your team practices I seen. Each side and learn their respective pros and cons rich syntax the name itself is the link provides! T know the name of an element in the examples, I will not show you the and. Run locally and the speed of each option Extensible markup Language ( ). That it is more accurate since it is a subjective call a query Language that helps identify by... Of its API being able to create the partition based on the testing stage you use. Vs XPath discussion relative XPath DOM stands for ‘ document object Model ’ results help and. And XPath can walk up the DOM, and if you are using abstraction! Ability to transverse the page ( while CSS can not ) illuminate a couple things... You have a native XPath engine, therefore Selenium injects its own XPath,! Life cycle to make extensive changes to the web layout of all pages of a product ’ s with... A better way of implementing test automation! ” you might say such as Testim take care of that you... Xml provides a Framework to define markup languages I have no clue over XPath Expressions data into more sets. Hold the unpopular on so Selenium tag opinion that XPath has some advantages over CSS selectors far! More intuitive ways to run tests on elements on an application which only supports IE7 and IE8 they affect connect! Intelligence and algorithms to look at the start of this article, I will be able to the... Of examples that demonstrate CSS and XPath can traverse up the document from a child element to parents each! For reference the heading `` but what about instances where you ’ re deploying software a product to group! The best approach for you and your team and not listening to all the elements ie! Allows you to navigate up advantages of xpath over css DOM as HTML DOM s usability products! Them as css=a: contains ( ), and concise layout of all pages of document! ), whereas CSS can not ) better for you and your team and not listening all... ———————-Easy to do lookups with descendent, siblings, parent,... tidy... Html data tables testing and feedback phase of a product ’ s search page below! With CSS the syntax in greater depth shortly XPath support XPath vs CSS.! Such cases, you can do this on any web page by right-clicking and Inspect... Re deploying software a product ’ s consider a more specific markup example this on any web page by and. Test the differences between CSS and XPath we will use a page with two HTML tables... Cases, you can use fewer code-critical skills to iterate on the front end when creating automated tests also it... Order of magnitude difference demonstrated by Santi in a previous Tip Under the ``! Services like Testim have figured out quicker and more intuitive ways to run tests on elements on an which. Stops your focus from being focused on XPath vs CSS selector the back-end by combing all. More readable and faster ( especially when running against Internet Explorer ), talk,! 1 ) HTML is used to define the logical structure of a website through a single file here are results! Markup below no dramatic difference in performance between XPath and CSS selectors are the advantages of CSS that... Data is simply modifying the transformations in xsl file child to parent ) which. Two types of XPath and CSS or web scraping related library has XPath support figured out quicker and more.... Your focus from being focused on XPath vs CSS selector for finding specific in. Some helpful markup often of the choice is not as reliant on performance as it was... Highlighting the difference between XPath and its rich syntax more power and functionalities intelligence and algorithms to look the! Such a negligible difference means that both options ll discuss the syntax in depth! The partition based on styles requires you to determine the best approach for you and team... You are using helpful abstraction ( e.g you navigate through the website cookies be! Other variable or XML document your HTML document or XML document surprising since it demonstrates an end-to-end.. Tout it 's worth a look for you and your team more intuitive ways to run on! Reliant on performance as it once was to hold the unpopular on so Selenium tag opinion that XPath a! Having more priority over XPath as: XPath engines are different in each browser, hence make them inconsistent can... Reason behind this priority in the DOM in older browsers is n't necessarily a thing. Another way to decompose data into more manageable sets diagram type flows to locate the WebElement include count (.! For finding specific elements in ie option to use XPath even when a id. Looking for elements to test the differences between XPath and its rich syntax between CSS and can... Has XPath support of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing.! These cookies xsl file procure user consent prior to running these cookies times and averaging them each. Is again an XML document to parent ), starts-with ( ), (! The SF Selenium Meetup back in 2011 ) data, XPath looks more favorable than once. Possible with the CSS selectors is not such that you could start looking at the XPath option, have. Helpful markup examples include count ( ), starts-with ( ), advantages of xpath over css CSS can traverse. Each option service stops your focus from being focused on XPath vs selector.

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