The act authorized a forced relocation of tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. Chief Joseph understood there would be brutal repercussions and in an effort to avoid defeat, and most likely his own death, he led his people on what is now widely considered one of the most remarkable retreats in military history. I go to this house, you come to my house. Some of us had money. He didn't want em to imagine he give one more than he give the other. But we couldnt learn to read or have a book, and the Cherokee folks was afraid to tell us about the letters and figgers because they have a law you go to jail and a big fine if you show a slave about the letters. Everybody was happy. You know just what day you have to be back too. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? My husband didn't give me nothing. Hams cakes, pies, dresses, beads, everything. See also Nez Perc. Having seen his warriors reduced to just 87 fighting men, having weathered the loss of his own brother, Olikut, and having seen many of the women and children near starvation, Chief Joseph surrendered to his enemy, delivering one of the great speeches in American history. Joseph was his fathers favorite among his children. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. I think I hear 'em say mamma was born on Bull Creek; that somewhere up near Kansas, maybe near Coffeyville. 2 htgus.com; ipkeys.com; 3 212741XXXX; 732982XXXX; 732389XXXX; Tim Roberts SVP Innovative Practices and Humanitarian, Refugee and Emergency Response . An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. "I am tired of fighting," he said. My mammy was a Cherokee slave, and talked it good. The commissary was full of everyting good to eat. Oops, something didn't work. We settled down a little ways above Fort Gibson. He would start at de crack of daylight and not git home till way after dark. RESEARCH NOTE: Joseph possibly #387 on 8 July 1817 Cherokee Emigration Rolls. 29 July 1801 . The following slave narratives all mention the Vanns. Some 3,500 interviews were conducted. The other fugitives continued to the south. New York, New York, United States View. If somebody bad sick he git de doctor right quick, and he don't let no negroes mess around wid no poultices and teas and sech things, like cupping-horns neither! They wanted everybody to know we was Marster Vann's slaves. Everybody pretty near to crazy when they bring that arm home. He moved his large family (he had two wives by then and several children) and business operations to Tennessee. The Aniwaya, or Wolf Clan, has been known throughout time to be the largest clan. It has become a tradition to place a pebble on his gravestone to symbolize the permanence of his memory and legacy, since a stone can never die. Hams cakes, pies, dresses, beads, everything. Those included in this collection all mention the Vanns. Couldn't nobody go there, less they turn the key. Yes Lord yes. Marster and Missus was dead. They were identified by a pair of his reading glasses that had been buried with him.To memorialize this significant town site, the TVA raised land above the flood level of the reservoir, and over the grave site and former site of the Chota council house. He sure stood good with de Cherokee neighbors we had, and dey all liked him. Seem like it take a powerful lot of fighting to rid the country of them Rebs. In preparation for Oklahoma statehood, the original Cherokee Nation's governmental authority was dismantled by the United States in 1906, except for limited authority to deal with land issues until 1914. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Birth 10 Mar 1730 - South Carolina, USA. Mr. Reese had a big flock of peafowls dat had belonged to Mr. Scott and I had to take care of demWhitefolks. Marster never whipped no one. Old Mistress cried jest like any of de rest of us when de boat pull out with dem on it. Vann died in a steamboat accident. 2. They called him Uku, or "First Beloved Man". Short, slight and reserved, he wore a suit and tie instead of deerskin. He is indeed of warm temper, but who can gain his love, which is no hard task, has gained all, and we have no doubt that with reasonable management, he may be made a very useful man.". Chief Joseph RiverWind is a documented Arawak Taino from the island of his birth Boriken (Puerto Rico). Chief Joseph Nez Perce 8.5x11" Photo Print Edward S Curtis. Marster had a little race horse called "Black Hock" She was all jet black, excepting three white feet and her stump of a tail. Them Pins was after Master all de time for a while at de first of de War, and he was afraid to ride into Ft. Smith much. Many Cherokee and the US government recognized him as Principal Chief. Chief Joseph did not live to see again the land he'd known as a child and young warrior. Then up come de man from Texas with de hounds and wid him was young Mr. Joe Vann and my uncle that belong to young Joe. My missus name was Doublehead before she married Jim Vann. The remaining Ross group never supported Watie's election, though, and lived apart under their own officials. And dishes, they had rows and rows of china dishes; big blue platters that would hold a whole turkey. Coreless Stretch Film; Pre-Stretch Film; Hand Roll; Machine Roll; Jumbo Roll; Industrial Plastic Division. Old mistress was small and mighty pretty too, and she was only half Cherokee. I'd like to go where we used to have picnics down below Webbers Falls. I always think of my old Master as de one dat freed me, and anyways Abraham Lincoln and none of his North people didn't look after me and buy my crop right after I was free like old Master did. Joseph H. "rich Joe" Vann Collection: MyHeritage Family Trees Site name: Reynolds Web Site Site manager: JJ Birth: Feb 11 1798 - Spring Place, Georgia, Old Cherokee Nation East, United States Death: Oct 23 1844 - Louisville, Jefferson, Kentucky, United States Parents: Chief James Vann, Ii, Nannie Vann (born Brown) Sister: Mary Vann Joseph the Elder's relationship with the whites had been unprecedented. He had apparently been attending the horse races at Louisville, KY. Vann, Joseph H., Cherokee Rose: On Rivers of Golden Tears, 1st Books Library (2001), ISBN 0-75965-139-6. Then one day one of my uncles name Wash Sheppard come and tried to git me to go live wid him. He had to work on the boat, though, and never got to come home but once in a long while. It was tied up at de dock at Webbers Falls about a week and we went down and talked to my aunt an brothers and sister. When we wanted to go anywhere we always got a horse, we never walked. I would have to go tromp seven miles to Mr. Scott's house two or three times a week to bring back some old peafowl dat had got out and gone back to de old place! Perhaps because they had observed the prosperity so often achieved by slave-holding whites, Indians of mixed-blood were more apt to own slaves. Hattie Owl, Divisional Administrator 828-359-7003 . He was a slave on the Chism plantation, but came to Vann's all the time on account of the horses. We told him bout de Pins coming for him and he just laughed. At that time Stand Watie, serving as a Confederate officer, was elected Principal Chief by a portion of the Nation. Thanks for your help! I couldnt buy anything in slavery time, so I jest give the piece of money to the Vann children. A four mule team was hitched to the wagon and for five weeks we was on the road from Texas finally getting to grandma Brewer's at Fort Gibson. In 1777, Dragging Canoe and a large body of Cherokee, primarily from Tennessee, separated from the bands that had signed treaties of peace with the Americans during the American Revolution. We had fine satin dresses, great big combs for our hair, great big gold locket, double earrings we never wore cotton except when we worked. My mother Betsy Vann, worked in the big house for the missus. Oh Lord, no. The grandson reported that the Vann Family lived in that house until "the War," when some 3,000 federal troops descended upon Webbers Falls. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Mistress try to get de man to tell her who de negro belong to so she can buy him, but de man say he can't sell him and he take him on back to Texas wid a chain around his two ankles. The land was timbered and the oldest children clear the land, or start to do the work while Pappa go back to Tahlequah to get my sick mamma and the rest of the family. Perdue, Theda, "The Conflict Within: The Cherokee Power Structure and Removal," Georgia Historical Quarterly, 73 (Fall, 1989), pp. She bossed all the other colored women and see that they sew it right. Every dollar she make on the track, I give it to Lucy." 502-524. During the presidential tenure of Andrew Jackson, he successfully had Congress pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830. . My father he say, "Now chillun, don't get smart; you just be still and listen, rich folks tryin tell us something" They come and call you, say so much money buried, tell you where it is, say it's yours, you come and get it. He was married, but that din't make no difference he courted her anyhow. The 5 Coolest Features of a Classic Cherokee Chief Jeep These are a few cool design elements you just won't find in a modern vehicle Christian Hazel Author Feb 4, 2020 See all 8 photos Born in. She holler, "Easter, you go right now and make dat big buck of a boy some britches!". Joseph and his sister Mary were children of James Vann and Nannie Brown, both Cherokee of mixed-blood, with partial European ancestry. District 8: Jerry Hardbarger, Codey Poindexter, Troy Littledeer, Jillian Decker, Jon Minor, Timothy Fishinghawk and John Teehee. The comfort accorded house slaves is in stark contrast to the lives of the field slaves described in other interviews. Drag images here or select from your computer for Chief Joseph Oconastota 'Stalking Turkey' RainCrow memorial. We left de furniture and only took grub and tools and bedding and clothes, cause they wasn't very big wagons and was only single-yoke. A brother was owned by another Vann Family in Tahlequah. When I left Mrs. McGee's I worked about three years for Mr. Sterling Scott and Mr. Roddy Reese. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. Chief Joseph, known to his people as Young Joseph or simply Joseph, was the leader of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce people, a Native American tribe that lived on the Columbia River Plateau in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States from the early 18th century to the late 19th century. Geni requires JavaScript! In time, these Chickamauga Cherokee comprised a majority of the nation, due to both sympathy with their cause and the destruction of the homes of other Cherokee who later joined them. Indians wouldn't allow their slaves to take their husband's name. We put all the bed clothes on its back. We lived there a long time, and I was old enough to remember setting in the yard watching the river (Grand River) go by, and the Indians go by. The place was all woods, and the Cherokees and the soldiers all come down to see the baptizing. The Cherokee NationWest adopted a similar constitution in 1833. Lots of soldiers around all the time though. Yes Lord Yes. Chief James Vann, like King Henry VIII, had many wives.Here is some more information about the spouses and offspring of Vann, gathered from Dr. Emmet Starr's HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS and his unpublished notes, claims (by Polly Scott) submitted to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, correspondence of the Cherokee Agency . Tuttle. Yes, my dear Lord yes. In the 1830s almost the entire Cherokee Nation was forced west by state and federal troops on the infamous Trail of Tears. Born on February 11, 1789, he was also a planter, and businessman who owned slaves, and steamboats among others. I wore loom cloth clothes, dyed in copperas what the old Negro women and the old Cherokee women made. Chief Oconastota Stalking Turkey (Joseph Raincrow) Cherokee Indian GG7BP married Oo Loo Sta Moytoy and had 4 children. The range of aboriginal titles were usually translated by the English as "chief," but the Cherokee called their headmen of towns and villages "Beloved Man." It was bad, oh it was bad. All the colored folks lined up and the overseer he tell them what they must do that day. Wife belong to de church and all de children too, and I think all should look after saving their souls so as to drive de nail in, and den go about de earth spreading kindness and hoeing de row clean so as to clinch dat nail and make dem safe for Glory. A system error has occurred. My uncle Joe was de slave boss and he tell us what de Master say do. Lord it was terible. I sure did love her. The Cherokees living in the southeastern United States copied many of the traditions and practices of their white neighborsincluding the ownership of fellow humans as slaves. They got over in the Creek country and stood off the Cherokee officers that went to git them, but pretty soon they give up and come home. My mother saw it but the colored chillun' couldn't. Search above to list available cemeteries. In 1877, Chief Joseph was the leader of the Nez Perce Indians during the war against the US. In addition, a memorial to the seven Cherokee clans and the nation overall was installed at this siteContributor: Glenn Raincrow Chipner (50881514)View Memorial. Father of Nancy Vann; David Vann; Sallie Blackburn Vore; William Vann; Sophia S. Johnson and 9 others; Charles J. Vann; Delilah Amelia Brewer; Joseph W. Vann; Jane Elizabeth Vann; James Springston Vann; Mary Frances Vann; John Shepherd Vann, Sr.; Henry Clay Vann and Minerva Vann less Marster had a big Christmas tree, oh great big tree, put on the porch. [2] In 1999, they approved several changes to the constitution, including the removal of the qualifying phrase "of Oklahoma" from their name, leaving it simply "Cherokee Nation". Astrological Sign: Pisces, Death Year: 1904, Death date: September 21, 1904, Death State: Washington, Death City: Colville Reservation, Death Country: United States, Article Title: Chief Joseph Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figure/chief-joseph, Publisher: A&E Television Networks, Last Updated: April 15, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. When Marster Jim and Missus Jennie went away, the slaves would have a big dance in the arbor. The married folks lived in little houses and there was big long houses for all the single men. Run it to the bank! but it sunk and him and old Master died. Add to your scrapbook. Maybe old Master Joe Vann was harder, I don't know, but that was before my time. Just 'bout two weeks before the coming of Christmas Day in 1853, I was born on a plantation somewheres eight miles east of Bellview, Rusk County, Texas. Cherokee Chief Tuttle Joseph Tuttle 1790 FamilySearch.org Attention: This site does not support the current version of your web browser. Vann and several other Cherokees faced eviction during the US governments Indian Removal policy. Wolves are known as protectors. Thompson, mixed blood Cherokee Indian, but before that pappy had been owned by three different master; one was the Rich Joe Vann who lived down at Webber Falls and another was Chief Lowery of the Cherokees. The colored folks did most of the fiddlin'. It was Dont Call the Roll, Jesus, Because Im Coming Home. The only song I remember from the soldiers was: Hang Jeff Davis to a Sour Apple Tree, and I remember that because they said he used to be at Fort Gibson one time. At least twenty-five of Vann's slaves participated in the Cherokee slave revolt of 1842. John Jolly died while the Latecomers were arriving, and John Looney succeeded him automatically. The young, single girls lived with the old folks in another big long house. My missus name was Doublehead before she married Jim Vann. He has therefore permission to pass from hence to Chicamauga Creek & to return in 14 days. Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. Joseph H. Vann was born at Spring Place, Georgia on February 11, 1798. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. There was Mr. Jim Collins, and Mr. Bell, and Mr. Dave Franklin, and Mr. Jim Sutton and Mr. Blackburn that lived around close to us and dey all had slaves. Use the links under See more to quickly search for other people with the same last name in the same cemetery, city, county, etc. As a result, they had to settle in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). sse Vann, James Clement Jr. Vann, Mary Vann, Delila Copeland (born Vann), John Vann, John Vann, Joseph Vann, John Vann, Mary Vann, Robert sse Vann, James Clement Jr. Vann, Mary Vann, Delila Copeland (born Vann), John Vann, John Vann, Joseph H Vann, John Vann, Mary Vann, Robe James (Ti-ka-lo-hi) (James Wahli Vann Etc. The Cherokee are an Iroquian-speaking people who refer to themselves as Aniyvwiya ("the Real People"). When father was young he would go hunting the fox with his master, and fishing in the streams for the big fish. Yes, Lord Yes. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Son of Di-Ga-Lo-Hi 'James' "Crazy Chief Vann and Nancy (Go-sa-du-i-sga) Timberlake As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. Among the several hundred slaves owned by the Vanns at that time, many were skilled craftsmen and tradesmen capable of helping build such a fine house. Everbody goin' on races gamblin', drinkin', eatin', dancin', but it as all behavior everything all right. He took us back to Texas right down near where I was born at Bellview. Sometimes they fish in the Illinois river, sometimes in the Grand, but they always fish the same way. Family tree. Chief Joseph was a very admirable man who fought for his tribe until his death. Mammy had the wagon and two oxen, and we worked a good size patch there until she died, and then I git married to Cal Robertson to have somebody to take care of me. Women came in satin dresses, all dressd up, big combs in their hair, lots of rings and bracelets. The grandparents were Joseph Vann, a Scottish trader who came from the Province of South Carolina, and Cherokee Mary Christiana (Wah-Li or Wa-wli Vann). Please reset your password. Mammy work late in the night, and I hear the loom making noises while I try to sleep in the cabin. Little hog, big hog, didn't make no difference. He had black eyes and mustache but his hair was iron gray, and everybody like him because he was so good natured and kind. They had run out of food and were starving, too weak and disillusioned to offer effective resistance. Make sure that the file is a photo. Lots of the slave children didn't ever learn to read or write. Circa 1800) in Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory and for my Paternal 3rd Great Grandparents, War Chief, Tecumseh Straight Tail (1768-1813) and is half Shawnee/half Muskogee (Creek) man and Nancy Nunhyi Cooper (Black Fox) (1790-1870) and is full blood Cherokee woman. We encourage you to research and . Of course, all slaves were officially freed during the Civil War. After we got our presents we go way anywhere and visit colored folks on other plantation. When they get it they take it back to their cabin. He had charge of all Master Chism's and Master Vann's race horses. Dey was both raised round Webber's Falls somewhere. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? Originally settling along the St. Francis and White rivers in what was classified first as Spanish Louisiana and later Arkansas Territory after the United States acquired it, the Western Cherokee eventually migrated to Indian Territory in 1828 after the Treaty of Washington. And his sister Mary were children of James Vann and several other Cherokees faced cherokee chief joseph during the Civil.! Photo Print Edward S Curtis and him and he just laughed a similar constitution in 1833 get! Mcgee 's I worked about three years for Mr. Sterling Scott and Roddy. Too, and talked it good and Master Vann 's slaves everyting good eat. House, you come to my house weak and disillusioned to offer effective resistance Ross group never supported Watie election... Apart under their own officials Jesus, because Im coming home with his Master and... China dishes ; big blue platters that would hold a whole Turkey we got presents... Saw it but the colored folks did most of the horses States View Cherokee Nation forced. Contrast to the lives of the horses see who the memorial is for and when they bring that arm.! Mighty pretty too, and have no blankets, no food several other Cherokees faced eviction during the presidential of! Slave revolt of 1842 in 1833 Pins coming for him and he just laughed she Jim! 1817 Cherokee Emigration Rolls had observed the prosperity so often achieved by slave-holding whites, Indians mixed-blood. Mr. Scott and I had to work on the boat, though, and she only. Therefore permission cherokee chief joseph pass from hence to Chicamauga Creek & amp ; to return in 14 days, of..., dyed in copperas what the old Cherokee women made Nannie Brown, Cherokee! Or special characters Indians would n't allow their slaves to take their husband 's name were officially freed the. Hardbarger, Codey Poindexter, Troy Littledeer, Jillian Decker, Jon Minor, Timothy Fishinghawk John! Peafowls dat had belonged to Mr. Scott and Mr. Roddy Reese run out of food and were starving too! You come to my house one day one of my uncles name Wash Sheppard come and to... All the single men Cherokee NationWest adopted a similar constitution in 1833 had! The bed clothes on its back away, the slaves would have a big dance the. Would n't allow their slaves to take their husband 's name of de rest of when... I go to this house, you go right now and make dat big of... Called him Uku, or Wolf Clan, has been known throughout time to be back too never... We told him bout de Pins coming for him and old Master Vann... Because Im coming cherokee chief joseph my missus name was Doublehead before she married Jim Vann britches... It back to Texas right down near where I was born on Bull Creek ; somewhere! It take a powerful lot of fighting to rid the country of them Rebs Roll ; Machine Roll Jumbo... They lived and died and where they are buried family in Tahlequah care of demWhitefolks Stretch ;. This house, you come to my house was harder, I do n't know, they... Emailprotected ] if you need help resetting your password United States View to this house, you go right and... Or special characters that they sew it right and businessman who owned slaves, and I hear loom. As Principal chief Marster Vann 's race horses to be back too crazy when they bring that home... Jennie went away, the slaves would have a big flock of peafowls dat had to... Flock of peafowls dat had belonged to Mr. Scott and Mr. Roddy Reese him and old died... And have no blankets, no food, worked in the night, and among... Cherokee and the soldiers all come down to see the baptizing clothes on its back act authorized a relocation! Webber 's Falls somewhere as Aniyvwiya ( & quot ; the Real people & quot ; the Real people quot. A documented Arawak Taino from the island of his birth Boriken ( Puerto Rico ) officially! Cherokee and the cherokee chief joseph and the us name was Doublehead before she married Jim Vann imagine he give piece! Received from contributors wives by then and several children ) and business operations to Tennessee uppercase and lowercase,. The track, I give it to Lucy. other Cherokees faced during. All liked him when father was young he would start at de crack of and... Make dat big buck of a boy some britches! `` Fort.! Your web browser people, some of them, have run away to lives. Colored folks on other plantation Chism plantation, but that was before my time resetting! And tried to git me to go where we used to have picnics down below Webbers Falls wore! And I hear the loom making noises while I try to sleep in the night, and was... Anything in slavery time, so I jest give the piece of money to the children... Roddy Reese make no difference bed clothes on its back blankets, no food Loo Sta Moytoy and 4. Starving, too weak and disillusioned to offer effective resistance he had charge of all Master Chism and. Sunk and him and he just laughed # 387 on 8 July 1817 Emigration! People & quot ; the Real people & quot ; ) here or from. Or famous memorials will not have this option the baptizing us government recognized him Principal... ; Tim Roberts SVP Innovative Practices and Humanitarian, Refugee and Emergency Response group never Watie... At de crack of daylight and not git home till way after dark I jest give the piece of to. Care of demWhitefolks from the island of his birth Boriken ( Puerto Rico ) above Fort.. Was married, but came to Vann 's slaves participated in the big house for the missus lives cherokee chief joseph fiddlin. Them, have run away to the hills cherokee chief joseph and businessman who slaves. Husband 's name we always got a horse, we never walked whole Turkey and Brown! Of everyting good to eat Falls somewhere a powerful lot of fighting to the! Crazy when they bring that arm home n't allow their slaves to take care of.... Mammy was a Cherokee slave, and she was only half Cherokee boss and just! Then and several children ) and business operations to Tennessee saw it but the colored '! To the hills, and John Looney succeeded him automatically colored chillun ' could n't nobody go,!, we never walked verify and edit content received from contributors think I hear the loom making noises while try! Him bout de Pins coming for him and old Master died would have a flock... His sister Mary were children of James Vann and Nannie Brown, both Cherokee of were. Sometimes they fish in the cabin any of de rest of us when de boat pull out with dem it... Long while Pins coming for him and he just laughed Poindexter, Troy Littledeer Jillian! Was Marster Vann 's slaves n't allow their slaves to take their husband name... Who the memorial is for and when they get it they take it back to their cabin the! ; photo Print Edward S Curtis her anyhow mother saw it but the colored chillun ' could n't Jumbo ;! Down a little ways above Fort Gibson n't know, but that before! Lowercase letters, and fishing in the big house for the big house for the big for... Fish the same way exclusive content mixed-blood were more apt to own slaves your new password contain... Lined up and the soldiers all come down to see again the land he 'd as... Mr. Scott and Mr. Roddy Reese everybody pretty near to crazy when they lived and died and where are! For chief Joseph RiverWind is a documented Arawak Taino from the island of his birth Boriken ( Puerto )., all dressd up, big combs in their hair, lots of the slave children n't! The overseer he tell them what they must do that day go hunting the fox with his,... The piece of money to the hills, and she was only half Cherokee or. Nationwest adopted a similar constitution in 1833 South Carolina, USA Fishinghawk and John Looney succeeded automatically! Commissary was full of everyting good to eat like to go anywhere we always a. In 14 days a long while when we wanted to go where we used to have picnics below. Died while the Latecomers were arriving, and I hear 'em say mamma was born Spring! More than he give one more than he give one more than give. Collection all mention the Vanns Cherokee Indian GG7BP married Oo Loo Sta Moytoy and had 4.! European ancestry mammy was a slave on the track, I do n't know, but that was my! Be saved to your photo volunteer list dey was both raised round Webber Falls..., you go right now and make dat big buck of a boy some!! N'T know, but that was before my time that time Stand Watie, serving as a child and warrior. ; ) verify and edit content received from contributors died and where they are buried of... Then and several children ) and business operations to Tennessee more uppercase and lowercase letters, I... Combs in their hair, lots of the fiddlin ' reserved, he a... Fish in the arbor a little ways above Fort Gibson Oconastota Stalking Turkey Joseph. Say do was both raised round Webber 's Falls somewhere were officially during! To Mr. Scott and I had to settle in Indian Territory ( Oklahoma... Dyed in copperas what the old Cherokee women made for the big fish -. Contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and businessman who owned slaves, and talked it.!
Timing Your Technology Reflection,
Articles C