Nothing was then left to do but to prepare for war. With confidence in the wisdom and virtue of those who will share with me the responsibility and aid me in the conduct of public affairs; securely relying on the patriotism and courage of the people, of which the present war has furnished so many examples, I deeply feel the weight of the responsibilities I now, with unaffected diffidence, am about to assume; and, fully realizing the inequality of human power to guide and to sustain, my hope is reverently fixed on Him whose favor is ever vouchsafed to the cause which is just. and in any view, is it not better that the opposite bank of the Missisipi should be settled by our own brethren & children than by strangers of another family? it is due to the zeal & wisdom of the characters thus selected, who lay the foundations of public happiness in wholsome laws, the execution of which alone remains for others. In other words, Davis justified the South's decision to secede by arguing that the Constitution allows oppressed citizens to rise up against the government. Seven Southern states had already seceded, or broken away, from the United States and formed the Confederacy. Learn more about Davis' views and how they differed from those expressed by Abraham Lincoln in his public address. the address took final form. 1805], Reading Copy of Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. The president, who affects great plainness of dress and manners, was dressed all in black, including silk stockings, and was attended by his secretary and groom. The secretary was Isaac A. Coles, the young Virginian from Albemarle County who, since December, had been filling in for William A. Burwell as Jeffersons private secretary. Jeffersons use of it signals that in, Jefferson also struggled and held firm to another of the topics first marked for discussion, the licentiousness of the press. we have therefore liberally furnished them with the implements of husbandry & houshold use; we have placed among them instructors in the arts of first necessity; and they are covered with the Aegis of the law against aggressors from among ourselves. After a series of successes and victories, which covered our arms with glory, we have recently met with serious disasters. Instances of self-sacrifice and of generous devotion to the noble cause for which we are contending are rife throughout the land. Nothing was then left to do but to prepare for war. Davis helped set up a new government in the Confederacy, with the goal of making it similar to the United States. Nor would the constancy of these supplies be likely to be disturbed by war. Although history proved the North as the victor in this war, these issues were not completely resolved. . The address has drawn more attention from scholars of Jeffersons public presentation and expression of executive authority, but it remains secondary to his first address. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address Summary & Analysis | What was Lincoln's First Inaugural Address? Fax: (713) 348-6172, Mailing Address: P.O. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. In return for their kindness I can offer assurances of the gratitude with which it is received; and can but pledge a zealous devotion of every faculty to the service of those who have chosen me as their Chief Magistrate. In spite of his laborious attempt to discountenance the opposition to philosophy and to make a statement about the opposition press, Jefferson recognized, as he wrote in his Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address, that the nature of the occasion requires that detail should be avoided. He used the address to make his case for the performance of his earlier promises and to lay out a foundation for governing performance in a second term (Adams, The Two Duchesses: Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, Elizabeth Duchess of Devonshire. 21 st Century 2000 - Thomas Jefferson Second Inaugural Address Second Inaugural Address March 4, 1805 In this lesson, we will briefly examine how Jefferson Davis expressed his views on liberty, equality, union, and government in his first inaugural address. Lincoln wanted equality for all people, including slaves, while Davis wanted the Southern states to enjoy the freedom of owning slaves if they choose. Through this instrumentality, under the favor of Divine Providence, we hope to perpetuate the principles of our revolutionary fathers. Several last-minute changes were made after Jefferson drafted the finished address. Nor would the constancy of these supplies be likely to be disturbed by war. now reduced within limits too narrow for the hunter-state, humanity enjoins us to teach them agriculture & the domestic arts; to encourage them to that industry which alone can enable them to maintain their place in existence, & to prepare them in time for that state of society, which to bodily comforts adds the improvement of the mind & morals. we have done them justice on all occasions; favor, where favor was lawful, & cherished mutual interests & intercourse on fair & equal terms. The confidence of the most hopeful among us must have been destroyed by the disregard they have recently exhibited for all the time-honored bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. Delaware and Maryland, both slave states, did not vote to secede. By 17 Apr., shortly after the address had reached the frontier of the United States in Louisiana, the London. The experiment instituted by our revolutionary fathers, of a voluntary Union of sovereign States for purposes specified in a solemn compact, had been perverted by those who, feeling power and forgetting right, were determined to respect no law but their own will. Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. Nor have the material sacrifices of the past year been made without some corresponding benefits. I highly recommend you use this site! Nor was it uninteresting to the world, that an experiment should be fairly and fully made, Whether freedom of discussion, unaided by power, is not sufficient for the propagation and protection of truth? Jefferson Davis (pictured here on the eve of the Civil War) delivered his second inaugural address in Richmond, Virginia, on February 22, 1862. . True to our traditions of peace and our love of justice, we sent commissioners to the United States to propose a fair and amicable settlement of all questions of public debt or property which might be in dispute. But we knew the value of the object for which we struggled, and understood the nature of the war in which we were engaged. A new Government has been established, and its machinery put in operation over an area exceeding seven hundred thousand square miles. At the darkest hour of our struggle the Provisional gives place to the Permanent Government. The Government had ceased to answer the ends for which it was ordained and established. American History. Upon the first call the men flew to arms, and wifes and mothers send their husbands and sons to battle without a murmur of regret. As with his first Inaugural as Chief Executive of the provisional government, Davis again makes a argument based on the sovereignty of states to control their own futures and, lacking an agreement with the Union, have seen no choice but to go to war. I know that the acquisition of Louisiana has been disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. During this course of administration, and in order to disturb it, the artillery of the Press has been levelled against us, charged with whatsoever its licentiousness could devise or dare. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. Abraham Lincoln was reelected to a second term as President of the United States in 1865. succeed. Deeply sensible of all that is implied by this manifestation of the peoples confidence, I am yet more profoundly impressed by the vast responsibility of the office, and humbly feel my own unworthiness. The abolitionist orator/editor (and former slave) had met Lincoln only twice before, and for most of the war was a fierce critic of the president's policies. I am sensible of no passion which could seduce me knowingly from the path of justice. Success crowned their efforts, and they provided for the posterity a peaceful remedy against future aggression. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln spoke to a crowd gathered on the steps of the U.S. Capitol after being sworn in as President. Our people have rallied with unexampled unanimity to the support of the great principles of constitutional government, with firm resolve to perpetuate by arms the right which they could not peacefully secure. Battles have been fought, sieges have been conducted, and, although the contest is not ended, and the tide for the moment is against us, the final result in our favor is not doubtful. 'Physically speaking we cannot separate. Source "Jefferson Davis' Second Inaugural Address," The Papers of Jefferson Davis, accessed March . they might perhaps have been corrected by the wholsome punishments reserved to, and provided by, the laws of the several states against falsehood & defamation. Where Abraham Lincoln would offer logical reasoning, Jefferson would strike out with accusations at the Union. All rights reserved. Before noon on Monday, the 4th of March, Jefferson mounted his horseprobably Wildair, his prized bay saddle horseand rode the mile and a half up Pennsylvania Avenue from the President's House to the Capitol. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, 2021, by Princeton University Press. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. his refusal to sign the Wade-Davis Bill. the want of it will certainly not lessen with increasing years. These marks were Jeffersons cues for pauses as he read the address. It was, perhaps, in the ordination of Providence that we were to be taught the value of our liberties by the price which we pay for them. . Henry Adamss 1890 history of the Jefferson administration remarked that the address roused neither the bitterness nor the applause which greeted the first, and while Dumas Malones multivolume work devoted most of seven pages to the inauguration, he admitted that Samuel Chases acquittal was far more dramatic and Aaron Burrs exit from the vice presidency was much more moving than the re-entry of the President. Jon Meacham tackled Jeffersons second inauguration in less than a page. Two of those pieces can be identified and are Documents. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) Davis's inaugural address sought to prove that the formation of the Confederate States of America--and his Presidency over them--was, under the terms of the founding documents of the United States, lawful and even prescribed. 198-203. Fellow-citizens, after the struggle of ages had consecrated the right of the Englishman to constitutional representative government, our colonial ancestors were forced to vindicate that birthright by an appeal to arms. Fellow-citizens, after the struggle of ages had consecrated the right of the Englishman to constitutional representative government, our colonial ancestors were forced to vindicate that birthright by an appeal to arms. He consistently spoke of preserving the union and the worthiness of fighting for it. Lincoln's description of slavery when he gave his first inaugural address Message Lincoln gave the South in his second inaugural address The change in Lincoln's view of the union after. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Home. The concept of a public censor on government was largely downplayed in the final draft, where Jefferson instead lauded his fellow citizens who, by the weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public measures. Carrying through the majority of the drafting process was Jeffersons unwavering faith in the people for reelecting him, ultimately granting vindication to his administration. A month later, the Civil War started in earnest, and on February 22, 1862 (and Washington's birthday), Davis gave a second inaugural address, after winning an election under the permanent Confederate constitution. On taking this station on a former occasion, I declared the principles on which I believed it my duty to administer the affairs of our commonwealth. In it, he outlined the principles that would guide his administration, including a commitment to limited government, individual liberty, and the rule of law. The constitutions of each government were similar as well, with a key difference that the Constitution of the Confederacy guaranteed the right to own slaves. An error occurred trying to load this video. Jefferson Davis was again selected to remain as the President of the newly formed government and commenced to give his second inaugural address on the 22 nd of February, 1862 in front of a monument to George Washington at . Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States during the war, stated that the state is the most important entity and that states have the authority to ignore laws that are unconstitutional. preserve, publish, and encourage the use of documentary sources, relating to the history of these covering our land with officers, & opening our doors to their intrusions, had already begun that process of domiciliary vexation, which, once entered, is scarcely to be restrained from reaching successively every article of property & produce. On the topics of liberty and equality his message was clear: he did not want to abolish slavery in the South. In this product, students will analyze excerpts from both Abram Lincoln's First Inaugural Address and Jefferson Davis's Inaugural Address in order to compare their ideas of liberty, equality, union, and government. But the endeavors to enlighten them on the fate which awaits their present course of life, to induce them to exercise their reason, follow its dictates, & change their pursuits with the change of circumstances, have powerful obstacles to encounter. if, among these taxes, some minor ones fall, which had not been inconvenient, it was because their amount would not have paid the officers who collected them: and because if they had any merit, the state-authorities might adopt them instead of others less approved. Once again, he did not express anger or hostility toward the South, but asked that they restore peace to the nation. In a document that he wrote after he completed the drafting of the address and headed Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address (Document, At the outset of his drafting process, he identified those most prominent heads for the address in a spare outline that listed four Genl. my conscience tells me I have, on every occasion acted up to that declaration, according to its obvious import, and to the understanding of every candid mind. They believed that to remain longer in the Union would subject them to a continuance of a disparaging discrimination, submission to which would be inconsistent with their welfare, and intolerable to a proud people. Jayme has taught courses in middle and high school Social Studies and holds a Master's degree in Social Studies Education. Note: this link will eventually disappear! The National Historical Publications and | 22 . In the drafting process, he struggled with how to best express this, referring first to a Censor on the public functionaries that, writing with freedom, could warn against deviations from the line of duty (. Even with the corrections, Jefferson continued adjusting the address until the eleventh hour, submitting a few changes to Smith after he sent along the full draft (see, The address rapidly circulated through the states after Smiths printing, with many newspapers publishing the speech in full. We have neither asked nor received assistance from any quarter. In matters of Religion, I have considered that its free exercise is placed by the constitution independant of the powers of the general government. His reelection proved that the majority of American citizens supported the administrations actions and remained immune to licentious printers influence. When a long course of class legislation, directed not to the general welfare, but to the aggrandizement of the Northern section of the Union, culminated in a warfare on the domestic institutions of the Southern Stateswhen the dogmas of a sectional party, substituted for the provisions of the constitutional compact, threatened to destroy the sovereign rights of the States, six of those States, withdrawing from the Union, confederated together to exercise the right and perform the duty of instituting a Government which would better secure the liberties for the preservation of which that Union was established. Title. Yet the interest involved is not wholly our own. Lincoln recognized how crucial this first inaugural address would be to the Southern states considering secession. Davis argued that the North oppressed . [1] Transcribed from Dunbar Rowland, ed.,Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, Volume 5, pp. The blockade, if effectual and permanent, could only serve to divert our industry from the production of articles for export and employ it in supplying the commodities for domestic use. Instances of self-sacrifice and of generous devotion to the noble cause for which we are contending are rife throughout the land. In proof of this, it is to be remembered that, at the first moment of asserting their right to secession, these States proposed a settlement on the basis of the common liability for the obligations of the General Government. I have said, fellow-citizens, that the income reserved had enabled us to extend our limits. Second Inaugural Address of Jefferson Davis February 22, 1862 Fellow-Citizens: On this the birthday of the man most identified with the establishment of American independence, and beneath the monument erected to commemorate his heroic virtues and those of his compatriots, we have assembled to usher into existence the Permanent Government of the Confederate States. So spoke Frederick Douglass soon after he heard Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865. American History questions and answers. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Never has a people evinced a more determined spirit than that now animating men, women, and children in every part of our country. they gathered around their public functionaries. He told the crowd, 'I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.' Augustus John Foster, the 24-year-old secretary of the British legation in Washington, left a record of the . To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. and it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated them with me in the executive functions. Rather, he wanted to stop slavery from spreading into other territories. In his address, he did not embrace the North's demands for a reunion of states, which he described as 'neither practicable nor desirable.' He was well known for his highly disciplined acting preparation, which informed his later works on elocution, speaking, education, and the English language. The Aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires. He also humbly held that he was restricted to only the most prominent heads and the strongest justifications. He again brought up the defense that he used in, Soon after Americans had a chance to react to the address, European publishers began to circulate the printed speech. Jeffersons meticulous drafting process was not understood previously, and despite the widespread circulation of the text in 1805 the second inaugural address has received significantly less scholarly attention than his first address. He . It is a satisfaction that we have maintained the war by our unaided exertions. As you know, Lincoln's first inaugural address did not stop the Civil War from breaking out and dividing the rest of the country between the North and South. They resemble marks that Jefferson put on a draft of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The tyranny of an unbridled majority, the most odious and least responsible form of despotism, has denied us both the right and the remedy. I have therefore undertaken, on no occasion, to prescribe the religious exercises suited to it: but have left them, as the constitution found them, under the direction & discipline of the state or church authorities acknoleged by the several religious societies. Many were incorporated into Smiths copy, and others were added to both copies via editorial marks. we are firmly convinced and we act on that conviction, that with nations, as with individuals, our interests, soundly calculated, will ever be found inseparable from our moral duties. In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, & especially of those with which we have the most important relations. Jefferson had apparently owned a copy of Sheridans 1762, While Sheridan outlined the necessity of pauses in the earlier work, he detailed the mark-up system in his 1775. ], Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network server. being collected on our sea-board and frontiers only, & incorporated with the transactions of our mercantile citizens, it may be the pleasure and the pride of an American to ask What farmer, what mechanic, what labourer ever sees a tax-gatherer of the US.? I have no doubt, he wrote, that it was printed long before I left Washington & was brot to Baltimore in the same stage that brought me. The. In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow citizens, to arrogate to myself the merit of the measures. I shall now enter on the duties to which my fellow-citizens have again called me, & shall proceed in the spirit of those principles which they have approved. Recognizing that his treatment of the topic of Philosophy in the address was unorthodox, he apparently wrote the Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address to memorialize the decision for his ongoing record of his own times. Copyright 2023 Political Rhetoric Archive & Dr. Beth Huber | Powered by Critical Hit Development. Both copies via editorial marks public Address similar to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated with... How crucial this First Inaugural Address would be to the United States in 1865... Their respective owners their respective owners wanted to stop slavery from spreading into other.... 2021, by Princeton University Press history inspires draft of the past year been made some. Have the material sacrifices of the United States Lincoln recognized how crucial this Inaugural! Was ordained and established the ends for which it was ordained and established his public.... 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