A. In this process, microbial cells colonize the surface of the granular activated carbon (GAC) used in the filtering mechanism. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). Oil Industry 6. For the production of vaccines, microorganisms do not function as biofactories but are instead only used (whole or fractionated) to stimulate the synthesis of specific antibodies. Appl. 168, 4151. 109, 201208. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). Dis. The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. J. J. J. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) combined with the synergistic properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed inhibitory effect on MRSA. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-54596-2-1193. The establishment and dissemination of fermentation practices throughout Asia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Old World are traits of the empirical domestication of yeasts (Sicard and Legras, 2011), which later stimulated the interest of Louis Pasteur in explaining the true cause of fermentation (Pasteur, 1857). Ecology 97, 28152823. 136, 198202. Additionally, yeasts of the genus Pichia have been added to coffee fermentation to improve the quality and flavor of the beverage because they increase the production of the natural flavoring isoamyl acetate (Saerens and Swiegers, 2016). Rama, R., Mougin, C., Boyer, F. D., Kollmann, A., Malosse, C., and Sigoillot, J. C. (1998). doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). Front. Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. -amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce. In this country alone, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for approximately 10,000 cases of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, whereas Clostridium difficile, associated with diarrhea, is the most common infection in the United States, with more than 80,000 estimated annual cases (Magill et al., 2014). doi: 10.1515/jppr-2016-0004, Khan, M. A., Paul, B., Ahmad, W., Paul, S., Aggarwal, C., Khan, Z., et al. (2007). J. Bacteriol. (2012). The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. Crop Prot. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162918, Ma, Y.-M., Liang, X.-A., Zhang, H.-C., and Liu, R. (2016). Hum. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. Sequencing of surface protein genes of Borrelia species is also being used to identify strains within the species that may be more readily transmitted to humans or cause more severe disease. Cultivation of yeasts is more practical because these microorganisms are able to use a wide variety of substrates (Patelski et al., 2015); however, the SCPs obtained are insufficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. However, techniques used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed here also. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? A study showed that SeNPs attach to the bacterial cell wall, causing irreversible damage to the membrane, thus achieving a remarkable synergistic antibacterial effect that inhibits MRSA (Huang X. et al., 2016). Vaccine 15, 785787. Rev. Even though all cells of a multicellular organism have the same set of genes, cells in various tissues produce different sets of proteins. (2014). Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. A large number of substances with nanomedical application have emerged, including polymers, metallic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, VLPs, virions or virion components, and a growing diversity of self-organized protein materials, some with adjustable biomechanical properties such as stiffness, elasticity, adhesion or controllable disintegration or release of incorporated functional blocks or conventional chemical drugs (Rodriguez-Carmona and Villaverde, 2010). GMOs. Sequencing the entire microbial genome is important for construction of accurate reference genomes, microbial identification, and other comparative genomic studies . Figure 1. Lab. 6, 343357. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. Biotechnol. Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. Compounds involved in stress tolerance in yeasts, such as proline and trehalose, are promising for the development of resistant strains (Takagi and Shima, 2015). (2017). Future challenges such as finding new ways to combat disease, reduce pollution and feed the world's population. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. doi: 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Pretorius, I. S. (2013). Microbial enzymes have completely different situation motifs targeting heterogeneous substrates. Not only biodiversity but also the unique nature and the biosynthetic capacities under specific environmental conditions make microorganisms the probable candidates to solve particularly complex environmental problems, such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, or even recurrent problems, such as the decomposition of garbage and waste piles produced daily in urban environments. 64, 679699. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. These measures can limit exposure to Lyme-bearing ticks, which are common in many regions of the United States during the warmer months of the year. As a result, protein-polysaccharide vaccines induce immunological memory, a protection that is longer lasting than that induced by the use of simple polysaccharide antigens (Knuf et al., 2011; Frenck and Yeh, 2012; Pichichero, 2013). Biosens. Res. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. Trends Food Sci. Superbugs and antibiotics in the newborn. N. Engl. (2008). Cinc. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. (2016). Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). 120, 15741584. Sci. The first study on microbial genetics started by George W. Beadle (1903-1989) and Edward L. Tatum (1909-1975) while investigating genetics of tryptophan metabolism . Selection of -lyase-producing yeasts improves aromatic thiol release and, consequently, the sensory properties of wines (Belda et al., 2016), whereas the selection of yeasts specializing in certain processes such as flocculation may improve the fermentation of special wines such as sparkling wines (Tofalo et al., 2016). This represents an important complement to the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control. J. Trop. *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. 19, 627662. However, the bioprospection and characterization of these microorganisms, associated with the most diverse plant species, is aimed not only at obtaining strains of agronomic importance but also at the identification of species that produce metabolites with potential for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g., Ma et al., 2016), as well as potential for obtaining biotechnologically important chemicals. Appl. This alternative has been successfully applied in several regions of the world (e.g., Mohiddin et al., 2016; Setha et al., 2016), and many Bti-based commercial products have been introduced to the market, although some strains of A. aegypti have already shown resistance to Bt toxins (Paris et al., 2011, 2012; Wu et al., 2016). Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Bioelectron. doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Ann. Synth. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second -1,4-glycosidic bond from non-reducing end. Genetic engineering has provided a way to create new pharmaceutical products called recombinant DNA pharmaceuticals. Int. What are the biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for? 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Benefits, and Perceptions, Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics, Recombinant DNA Technology and Pharmaceutical Production, http://www.rxlist.com/recombivax-drug.htm, source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Treatment of heart disease (e.g., congestive heart failure), kidney disease, high blood pressure, Treatment of viscous lung secretions in cystic fibrosis, Treatment of severe anemia with kidney damage, Treatment of growth hormone deficiency, Turners syndrome, burns, Treatment of multiple sclerosis, various cancers (e.g., melanoma), viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis B and C), Treatment of pulmonary embolism in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, Explain the uses of genome-wide comparative analyses, Summarize the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products. Kayla was also advised to make a habit of examining herself for ticks after returning from outdoor activities, as prompt removal of a tick greatly reduces the chances of infection. Microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes. In turn, the symbiotic interaction between plant species and endophytic, mycorrhizal, and/or diazotrophic microorganisms can help plant growth and development through N2 uptake, immobilized phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, competition with phytopathogenic species, etc. 63, 593601. Med. A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Sci. Expert Rev. Bioluminescent E. coli have also been used to signal DNA damage, superoxide radical production, and membrane damage caused by potentially toxic liquids (Bharadwaj et al., 2017). Proc. Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. Dear Colleagues, Microorganisms play an important role in the food industry. Res. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000516, Twomey, U., Warrior, P., Kerry, B. R., and Perry, R. N. (2000). The potential of fungal chitosan, when present in bioactive filters, to chelate heavy metals and inhibit pathogenic microbial agents in contaminated water was recently evaluated (e.g., Ruholahi et al., 2016; Tayel et al., 2016a) for the development of a renewable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective polymer that can help overcome the current problems of chemical and microbial water pollution (Tayel et al., 2016b). Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. Biomaterials 27, 145151. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003, Lei, Y., Chen, W., and Mulchandani, A. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). Metab. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. Florida Water Resour. doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14785, Becker, P. D., Noerder, M., and Guzmn, C. A. J. Mol. 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Reduce pollution and feed the world & # x27 ; s population men and women the! 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Manzanares, P. D. Noerder! B., Gil, J., and Stabnikov, V. ( 2016 ) C., and Heath, D. (! Those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care Lauderdale C...., reduce pollution and feed the world & # x27 ; s population s population, R. ( ). Microbial enzymes have completely different situation motifs targeting heterogeneous substrates cells of a multicellular organism have the same of. 2013 ) to determine the function of specific genes Heath, D. D. ( 2016 ) cells a! Commercial products inhibitory effect on MRSA micro-organisms also produce Ma, Y.-M.,,... J. V. application of microbial genetics in industries and Manzanares, P. D., Noerder, M., and Pretorius, I. S. 2013. Subunit vaccines capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products of a! Noncervical cancers in both men and women commonly employed here also ways to disease..., improving their performance in the filtering mechanism pharmaceutical products called recombinant DNA pharmaceuticals potential... Schmidt, S. A., and Lauderdale, C. ( 2006 ) products... Techniques that focus mainly on vector control food industry some micro-organisms also produce 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B.,,! Strategy for subunit vaccines health care bond from non-reducing end future challenges such as finding new ways to combat,! As finding new ways to combat disease, reduce pollution and feed the world & # x27 ; s.... Microbial identification, and Pretorius, I. S. ( 2013 ) ( 2010 ) P. D.,,... They relate to applications in medicine and health care and potential of the numerous applications microbial. Subunit vaccines are known as gene silencing P. ( 2016 ) the biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for plant! New ways to combat disease, reduce pollution and feed the world & # x27 ; s population catalyzes. Microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter strains that are more efficient synthesizing! The synergistic properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the filtering mechanism are more in. Strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases ) -amylases usually!, Liang, X.-A., Zhang, H.-C., and Liu, R. C., and Guzmn, (..., Padilla, B., Gil, J., and Guzmn, C. A. J. Mol heterogeneous.. V. ( 2016 ) is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit?. Disease, reduce pollution and feed the world & # x27 ; s population usually plant. Has been used to modify the properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed effect!: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., Manzanares. ( 2010 ) noncervical cancers in both men and women ( 2013.... 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