[126] At Longfellow's funeral, his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson called him "a sweet and beautiful soul". Back at Bowdoin in his new role, Longfellow felt stultified in a college atmosphere so different from what he had experienced at Gttingen and stifled by the provincial atmosphere of Brunswick. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy and was one of the five members of the group known as the . In late 1839, Longfellow published Hyperion, inspired by his trips abroad[54] and his unsuccessful courtship of Fanny Appleton. See answer (1) Copy. He followed this work with two fragmentary dramatic poems, Judas Maccabaeus and Michael Angelo. But his genius was not dramatic, as he had demonstrated earlier in The Spanish Student (1843). [2] He grew up in what is now known as the Wadsworth-Longfellow House. This collection consisted of narrative poems composed in a great variety of metric patterns. Kramos and Other Poems appeared in 1878 with a title poem that linked Longfellows boyhood interest in Portland pottery with his later travels and readings to present a particularly effective statement of his poetics. To prepare himself for the new opportunity, Longfellow undertook another period of European travelthis time accompanied by his wife and two of her friends. Birth Year: 1807. [50] Poet John Greenleaf Whittier said that Longfellow's poetry illustrated "the careful moulding by which art attains the graceful ease and chaste simplicity of nature". [20] He gave the student commencement address. [114] Longfellow's friend Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. wrote of him as "our chief singer" and one who "wins and warms kindles, softens, cheers [and] calms the wildest woe and stays the bitterest tears! There were still poems drawn from Longfellows travels and his readings in European literatures, but the most celebrated poem of the book was among his most patriotic pieces. It is thine. He dug through the past for stories that could could speak to his time, or that could act as cultural containers of collective memory. Stanzas to a Lady on Leaving England 13. Just like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow did I believe that EVERY interaction with customers, employees, stakeholders or stockholders, matters. The Divina Commedia group of six sonnets written between 1864 and 1866 honor the Tuscan poet Dantemost memorably the first, with its image of the bereaved American poet leaving my burden at this minster gate, / Kneeling in prayer, and not ashamed to pray in a quest for spiritual peace. Henry,Edward Berens,Lyman Frank Baum,E.T.A. [120] John Greenleaf Whittier suggested that it was this massive correspondence which led to Longfellow's death: "My friend Longfellow was driven to death by these incessant demands". "[115], The rapidity with which American readers embraced Longfellow was unparalleled in publishing history in the United States;[116] by 1874, he was earning $3,000 per poem. Longfellows most ambitious effort in prose, Hyperion blended the sketchbook attributes of Outre-Mer with elements of the Romance as Longfellow developed the fictional persona of Paul Flemming to act out his lingering grief for Mary, rejected love for Fanny, and poetical aspirations spurred by German authors. Maybe Longfellow exaggerated the heroic story of Paul Revere. But the death in 1861 of his second wife, after she accidentally set her dress on fire, plunged him into melancholy. His father was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather was Peleg Wadsworth, a general in the American Revolutionary War and a Member of Congress. The trip began happily with a London visit and Longfellows introduction to Thomas Carlyle, whose excitement over Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller heightened Longfellows interest in German Romanticism. Poems to integrate into your English Language Arts classroom. [59] The New England Anti-Slavery Association, however, was satisfied enough with the collection to reprint it for further distribution. He toured Europe between 1826 and 1829, and upon returning, went on to become the first professor of modern . He moved ahead to new dramatic poems, notably Judas Maccabeus in Three Books of Song (1872) and The Masque of Pandora (1875); Michael Angelo, his last major poem, appeared posthumously in 1883 in its unfinished condition. [92] His published poetry shows great versatility, using anapestic and trochaic forms, blank verse, heroic couplets, ballads, and sonnets. Longfellows celebrity as the preeminent poet of America assured him critical respect in the closing decades of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th; yet, commentators even then recognized his limitations. [16] When Longfellow graduated from Bowdoin, he was ranked fourth in the class and had been elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Help . Flower-de-Luce, a small book of 12 short poems, came out in 1867 with its elegy for Hawthorne and sonnets on Dante. He told her that it was not. Family tree of Henry WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. That book also featured The Hanging of the Crane (1874), which had been Longfellows most remunerative poem when The New York Ledger paid him 3,000 dollars for its serial publication earlier that same year. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He has been criticized for imitating European styles and writing poetry that was too sentimental. How different is today's global economy from British poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's vision of productionnoble, lo- cal . [62] His love for Fanny is evident in the following lines from his only love poem, the sonnet "The Evening Star"[63] which he wrote in October 1845: "O my beloved, my sweet Hesperus! The New-Yorker called him "one of the very few in our time who has successfully aimed in putting poetry to its best and sweetest uses". (L.M.) When he died of phlebitis less than a month after his 75th birthday and only a few days after completing The Bells of San Blas, Longfellow left an estate worth 356,320 dollars to his children and grandchildren, with weekly book sales amounting to 1,000 copies. [94] Much of his work is recognized for its melodious musicality. He was the first American to completely translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and was one of the fireside poets from New England. These virtues made him sovereign of more hearts than any other poet of his generation. James Russell Lowell also traced Longfellows honored status to personal virtues in demanding of the irascibly jealous Poe, Does it make a man worse that his characters such / As to make his friends love him (as you think) too much? [48] Ballads and Other Poems was published in 1841[49] and included "The Village Blacksmith" and "The Wreck of the Hesperus", which were instantly popular. " I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day " is a Christmas carol based on the 1863 poem "Christmas Bells" by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The volume In the Harbor, Ultima ThulePart 2 came out just after his death in 1882 and included his final composition, The Bells of San Blas (1882). Tributes of many kinds testified to public affectionvisits to Craigie House by prominent literary and political figures and even the emperor of Brazil, public tributes, and escalating requests for autographs. As was the custom for the time, the two brothers focused most of their studies on languages and literature. Now that he had discovered his voice and his audience as a poet, Longfellow achieved personal happiness as well. In turn, he received homage from practitioners of other arts: composers set many of his poems to music, and artists illustrated many of his scenes. Near Interlaken he met Nathan Appleton, a wealthy Boston merchant, and continued his journey with Appleton and Appletons charming and accomplished family. [35] The couple settled in Brunswick, but the two were not happy there. Died on March 24, 1882 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. concludes, interrogates conventional concepts of language, time, space, unified character . This period was also one of experimentation in dramatic writing, although publication of The Spanish Student was delayed until 1843. [19] About 24 of them were published in the short-lived Boston periodical The United States Literary Gazette. The next decade proved one of leave-takings for Longfellow but also of exceptional accomplishment. According to Howells, Longfellows power derived from his courage in frankly trusting the personal as the universal along with his unaffectedness, the simplicity of his feelings, and the sincerity of his expression. English Poetry III: From Tennyson to Whitman. [65] Their daughter Fanny was born on April 7, 1847, and Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep administered ether to the mother as the first obstetric anesthetic in the United States. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Wadsworth-Longfellow, Academy of American Poets - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, National Park Service - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Official Site of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Maine: An Encyclopedia - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Poetry Foundation - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). In 1831, he married Mary Potter, and they went on an extended tour of Europe. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825. Page I T A L E S OF A WAYSIDE INN BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. "[129] Lewis Mumford said that Longfellow could be completely removed from the history of literature without much effect. [50] He became part of the local social scene, creating a group of friends who called themselves the Five of Clubs. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, (born February 27, 1807, Portland, Massachusetts [now in Maine], U.S.died March 24, 1882, Cambridge, Massachusetts), the most popular American poet in the 19th century, known for such works as The Song of Hiawatha (1855) and "Paul Revere's Ride" (1863). Shortly after his return from Europe, he began his courtship of Mary Potter, daughter of Judge Barrett Potter; she was a Portland neighbor who was a friend of his sister Anne. Corrections? [26] In Madrid, he spent time with Washington Irving and was particularly impressed by the author's work ethic. Classic and contemporary poems for the holiday season. At least as wearing as his original authorship in late years was a massive editorial and translation project he undertook for his publisher, James T. Fields; Poems of Places emerged in 31 volumes between 1876 and 1879. Both the poem and its singsong metre have been frequent objects of parody. His first wife, Mary Potter, died in 1835 after a miscarriage. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), grew up in the house and went on to become one of the most famous men of his time. [107] In honor of his role with translations, Harvard established the Longfellow Institute in 1994, dedicated to literature written in the United States in languages other than English. [74] Longfellow was awakened from his nap and rushed to help her, throwing a rug over her, but it was too small. He prepared himself further with study abroad (at his own . Flashcards. 07 Nov 1786 in Pittsfield, MA, d. 10 Feb 1822. While readily dismissing Edgar Allan Poes charges of plagiarism, they acknowledged that Longfellow lacked the originality evident in Whitman, Emerson, and even Poe. Despite some criticism of the Virgilian dactylic hexameter meter with which Longfellow experimented in Evangeline, the poem proved enormously successful. Most poems in the book had appeared earlier in Grahams Magazine, which had paid both Longfellow and Bryant the unprecedented sum of 50 dollars a poem, and had reappeared in an illustrated edition of Longfellows poems published earlier that year by Carey and Hart in Philadelphia. Longfellow intended the anthology "to bring together, into a compact and convenient form, as large an amount as possible of those English translations which are scattered through many volumes, and are not accessible to the general reader". Financial rewards confirmed Longfellows youthful hope that an American could make a living through literature, although, as William Charvat says, Longfellows income derived as much from his prose as from his poetry. She died shortly after 10 the next morning, July 10, after requesting a cup of coffee. He stifled the flames with his body, but she was badly burned. -4 TALES OF A WAYSIDE INN. Other than being a poet of great repute; Longfellow was also an educationist, who was a professor at his alma mater Bowdoin College and latter at the Harvard College. [77] Longfellow was very quiet, reserved, and private; in later years, he was known for being unsocial and avoided leaving home.[144]. His works are still regularly anthologised after nearly a century and a half. During his lifetime Longfellow was loved and admired both at home and abroad. a Lady, on Being Asked my Reason for Quitting England in the Sprin 11. To aid him in perfecting the translation and reviewing proofs, he invited friends to meetings every Wednesday starting in 1864. Learn about the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and his biography, poems, and critical reception. In 1909, a statue of Longfellow was unveiled in Washington, DC, sculpted by William Couper. Longfellow attended a dame school at the age of three and was enrolled by age six at the private Portland Academy. The poem was extensively reviewed, translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath in 1856, and set to music as well as featured in dramatic performances. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [1807-1882] was probably the most influential American poet of the 19th Century. "There are things of which I may not speak; There are dreams that cannot die; Evangeline A Tale of Acadie Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) The independent-minded Fanny was not interested in marriage, but Longfellow was determined. [39] In October 1835, his wife Mary had a miscarriage during the trip, about six months into her pregnancy. [84], During the 1860s, Longfellow supported abolitionism and especially hoped for reconciliation between the northern and southern states after the American Civil War. Longfellows translation, still respected for its linguistic appreciation and literary merit, appeared in an 1865-67 three-volume edition, although he completed the translation in spring 1864. [137] In the 20th century, literary scholar Kermit Vanderbilt noted: "Increasingly rare is the scholar who braves ridicule to justify the art of Longfellow's popular rhymings. Jimmie Durham(1) Jimmie Duraham is an American artist of Cherokee descent. From flurries to relentless storms, why snow makes American poetry American. [72] Her dress suddenly caught fire, but it is unclear exactly how;[73] burning wax or a lighted candle may have fallen onto it. . Sorrows beset them, however: from Copenhagen, Mary Goddard was summoned home by news of her fathers death; in Amsterdam the ailing Mary Potter Longfellow suffered a miscarriage in October 1835. [132] A more modern critic said, "Who, except wretched schoolchildren, now reads Longfellow? [143] He had difficulty coping with the death of his second wife. Fanny Kemble performed this poem in dramatic readings, bringing herself and audiences to tears in the memorable emotional crescendo of the last stanza with its invocation to an imperiled country that is nonetheless the best hope for the world: Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! [142] In reality, his life was much more difficult than was assumed. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on 27 February 1807, the second child of eight born to Zilpah ne Wadsworth (1778-1851) and lawyer Stephen Longfellow (1775-1849) in the city of Portland, Maine. He retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, and he lived the remainder of his life in the Revolutionary War headquarters of George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [25] While overseas, he learned French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and German, mostly without formal instruction. The Building of the Ship combines a tribute to the master builder who designed the ship with a love story linking the masters daughter to the fiery youth employed in its construction while making clear that the Union stood allegorically for the United States on the eve of secession. In his grief Longfellow moved on to Heidelberg and immersion in German literaturereadings in Goethe, Schiller, Ludwig Uhland, Jean Paul Richter, E.T.A. "[104] A London critic in the London Quarterly Review, however, condemned all American poetry"with two or three exceptions, there is not a poet of mark in the whole union"but he singled out Longfellow as one of those exceptions. 1807-1882. The book spread like wildfire in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Longfellow laid the groundwork for other authorial careers by persuading readers of the importance of art as well as by demonstrating how literature could be turned into a paying proposition in a country known for material ambition. Born Henry WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 1385 likes. [89] He had been suffering from peritonitis. In his own time one of Longfellows chief contributions to American literature was the encouragement he offered to aspiring writerswhether those Boston-Cambridge-Concord literati with whom he interacted through his various clubs or those such as Emily Dickinson, who responded gratefully to him from a distance as the champion of poetry in an otherwise prosaic American society, the Pegasus in the pound of Yankee bookstores. [75], Longfellow was devastated by Frances death and never fully recovered; he occasionally resorted to laudanum and ether to deal with his grief. Longfellows imitativeness differed significantly from that of many contemporaries, however, in that he early outgrew his tendency to echo Bryants style or that of English Romantic poets and turned instead to German Romanticism, which he virtually introduced into American poetry, and to traditions of European verse from many countries and eras. As he had honored European poets by translating their work into English, he lived to see his own poems translated into 24 languages. The same lesson might well have applied to the offspring of his imagination that he applied in A Shadow (1875) when wondering how his and Fannys children would fare in lives So full of beauty and so full of dread, however unpredictable. Although Longfellow introduced a love story in his account of Hiawathas wooing of Minnehaha, their marriage, and her death, for the most part he assembled legends he found in Schoolcrafts many books to exalt his Ojibway hero as a leader of supernatural birth (son of the West Wind, Mudjekeewis, and of Wenonah, whose mother, Nokomis, had fallen from the heavens) who leads his people in ways of peace. The antislavery sentiments he expressed in Poems on Slavery that same year, however, lacked the humanity and power of John Greenleaf Whittiers denunciations on the same theme. Answer and Explanation: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow had six children. Richard Henry Stoddard summed up Longfellows contribution in an 1881 essay, pointing out how Longfellow remained true to himself and to his scholarly impulses by creating and satisfying a taste for a literature which did not exist in this country until he began to write. In so doing, Longfellow had not only disseminated European stories, sensibilities, and versification but also enlarged our sympathies until they embrace other peoples than ours. Two decades later, Thomas Wentworth Higginson saluted his former professors contribution to American literature in enriching and refining it and giving it a cosmopolitan culture, and an unquestioned standing in the literary courts of the civilized world. In 1855, using Henry Rowe Schoolcrafts two books on the Indian tribes of North America as the base and the trochaic metrics of the Finnish epic Kalevala as his medium, he fashioned The Song of Hiawatha (1855). [40] She did not recover and died after several weeks of illness at the age of 22 on November 29, 1835. A revised edition of Hyperion followed in 1869. Volumes of selected poems emerged along with reprintings of earlier books and individual poems in varied formats and price ranges. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from Harvard in 1859. He also wrote novels and translated Dante's "Divine Comedy" into English. Aside from two Phi Beta Kappa poemsthe first at Bowdoin in 1832 and the other the next year at Harvardthe poetry he was composing consisted chiefly of translations from Romance languages that he used in his classes and articles. Why did Henry Wadsworth Longfellow write a Psalm of Life? [146] In 1884, Longfellow became the first non-British writer for whom a commemorative bust was placed in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London; he remains the only American poet represented with a bust. Resuming friendship with Fanny and Mary Appleton and their brother Tom, Longfellow was crushed by Fannys rejection of his 1837 marriage proposal. Two notable exceptions are dedicated to the death of members of his family. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was one of the most widely known and best-loved American poets of the 19th century. [57], The small collection Poems on Slavery was published in 1842 as Longfellow's first public support of abolitionism. Her husband, who sustained severe burns to his hands, arms, and face in smothering the fire, was left with severe facial sensitivities that precluded shaving thereafter and forced him to grow the patriarchal white beard so familiar from later portraits; he was also left with heavy responsibilities for his family and with intense grief. On the advice of George Ticknor of Harvard, Longfellow decided to add German to French, Spanish, and Italian. [133] An editor of the Boston Evening Transcript wrote in 1846, "Whatever the miserable envy of trashy criticism may write against Longfellow, one thing is most certain, no American poet is more read". was offered a professorship at Bowdoin College with the condition that he first spend some time in Europe for further language study. The leading poet of the Victorian era, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) contributed to the development of a distinctly American literature. Longfellow was more at home in Evangeline (1847), a narrative poem that reached almost every literate home in the United States. [73] Longfellow's youngest daughter Annie explained the story differently some 50 years later, claiming that there had been no candle or wax but that the fire had started from a self-lighting match that had fallen on the floor. Longfellow presided over Harvards modern-language program for 18 years and then left teaching in 1854. Previous boarders included Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, and Joseph Emerson Worcester. On the Continent he learned French, Spanish, and Italian but refused to settle down to a regimen of scholarship at any university. After residing in Europe for four years to qualify for the Chair of Modern Languages in that College, he entered upon the duties of the same. Lines Inscribed upon a Cup Formed from a Skull 9. In 1835, saddened by the death of his first wife, whom he had married in 1831, he settled at Heidelberg, where he fell under the influence of German Romanticism. This was because the East India Company was near bankruptcy, had a huge surplus (17 million pounds) of Chinese tea that was getting old, and many members of Parliament were stockholders in the East India Company. Sweetness, gentleness, simplicity, and a romantic vision shaded by melancholy are the characteristic features of Longfellows poetry. Longfellow, sporting long hair, yellow gloves, and flowered waistcoats, cut quite a romantic . . American poet and educator. Based on Chippewa (Ojibway) culture and traditions as represented by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and John Tanner, on John G. E. Heckewelders defense of Delaware culture, and on Longfellows acquaintance with an Ojibway chief who stayed at his house, the poem also drew on widespread literary and visual representations of the West to construct what Longfellow called his Indian Edda. Edda reflects the Scandinavian influences also evident in this poem, most remarkably in the unrhymed trochaic meter he borrowed from the Kalevala, a Finnish folk epic composed by Elias Lnrott. Need a transcript of this episode? The Fireside poets. Aside from a leg injury that nearly resulted in amputation when he was eight, Henry apparently enjoyed his school friendships and outdoor recreation both in Portland and at his Grandfather Wadsworths new home in Hiram, Maine. 25K. [95] As he says, "what a writer asks of his reader is not so much to like as to listen". M. Brook Taylor, "The Poetry and Prose of History: W. S. Tryon, "Nationalism and International Copyright: Tennyson and Longfellow in America,", Edward L. Tucker, "References in Longfellow's, S. Ullmann, "Composite Metaphors in Longfellow's Poetry,", Hyatt H. Waggoner, "Five New England Poets: The Shape of Things to Come," in his, Thomas Wortham, "William Cullen Bryant and the Fireside Poets," in. [18] He published nearly 40 minor poems between January 1824 and his graduation in 1825. Several years later, he wrote the poem "Mezzo Cammin," which expressed his personal struggles in his middle years.[43]. The most sustained and challenging project Longfellow undertook in this period of bereavement was his blank-verse translation of The Divine Comedy. [17], He pursued his literary goals by submitting poetry and prose to various newspapers and magazines, partly due to encouragement from Professor Thomas Cogswell Upham. [31] Shortly after the book's publication, Longfellow attempted to join the literary circle in New York and asked George Pope Morris for an editorial role at one of Morris's publications. He achieved a level of national and international prominence previously unequaled in the literary history of the United States and is one of the few American writers honored in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbeyin fact, he is believed to be the first as his bust was installed there in 1884. Poems translated into 24 languages ] Lewis Mumford said that Longfellow could be completely from... Was his blank-verse translation of the Victorian era, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1807-1882 contributed! 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