Case closed. The intention is good, it is to save her fellow soldiers (3). For the DDE to work in the way that Aquinas understands it, this difference in intention makes the moral difference between the two doctors. ends. This material is based on original work by Christina Hendricks, and produced with support from the Rebus Community https://press.rebus.community/intro-to-phil-ethics, 2. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0125 is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Law and reason Furthermore, law is derived from reason: "Now the rule and measure of Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0125, 5. No. Finally, the reasons are serious as they are about the life and death of the woman and the fetus (4). Aquinas would argue that this secondary precept is practically irrational because it treats people differently based on an arbitrary difference (gender). Imagine that we are playing Cluedo and we are trying to work out the identity of the murderer. 2. Some claim that liberal democratic rule of law is excessively individualist in its orientation and privileges individual autonomy and rights over duties and obligations to others, the interests of society, and social solidarity and harmony. License: CC BY: Attribution; Ethics in Law Enforcement by Steve McCartney and Rick Parent https://opentextbc.ca/ethicsinlawenforcement/; and Radford University, Radford University Core Handbook, https://lcubbison.pressbooks.com/, 15. If we act according to reason then we are partaking in the Natural Law. 46Imagine a case where a soldier sees a grenade thrown into her barracks. Thinking that Aquinas is a Divine Command Theorist. Next we might raise questions about DDE. What is the difference? Why might this answer be problematic? For example, for Aquinas it is not as if we need to check whether we should pursue good and avoid evil, as it is just part of how we already think about things. 18Natural Law does not generate an external set of rules that are written down for us to consult but rather it generates general rules that any rational agent can come to recognize simply in virtue of being rational. *Update to link to source was made because the original source contained a dead link. 13Aquinas thinks that the answer is reason and that it is this that makes us distinct from rats and rocks. Isnt this just human? So this issue raises some complex question about the nature of the mind, and how we might understand intentions. Is this wrong or right? Comment Buffer Portail de ressources lectroniques en sciences humaines et sociales, http://www.summatheologica.info/summa/parts/?p=1, 2. If the first doctor says I did not intend to kill the fetus can we make sense of this? the body of law made up by judicial opinions and precedents. How are we going to finish this sentence? These might include such things as do not drive above 70mph on a motorway, do not kidnap people, always wear a helmet when riding a bike, do not hack into someones bank account. We can draw a contrasting case. It is clear that on our own we are not very good at discovering primary precepts and consequently Aquinas thinks that what we ought to do is talk and interact with people. Aquinas also introduces what he calls the Human Law which gives rise to what he calls Secondary Precepts. Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Tom Murphy Last modified by: Physics UCSD Created Date: 9/27/2001 10:41:45 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: UW Other titles: Utilitarianism: Strengths & Weaknesses, Noah Levin ( B.M. The dilemma runs as follows: Either God commands something is right because it is, or it is right because God commands it. There are certain rules about how to move around the board, how to deal out cards, how to reveal the murderer etc. Is to what? They show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts sometimes accusing them and at other times even defending them. Imagine that someone is considering having an abortion after becoming pregnant due to rape. Good actions are thus ones which promote these dispositions and help to bring them into actualization. Does this action meet the four criteria of the DDE? However, as we will see, Aquinas thinks that there are some instances where it is morally acceptable to kill an innocent person and therefore there may be occasions when it is morally acceptable to kill a fetus. Think of a prescriptive claim. 55On the other hand we might consider that violence is a natural response to an unfaithful partner, but also think that such violence is morally unacceptable. The assumption is that the more we think, the more rational we become, the more convergence there will be. His work remains much discussed and researched and typically still plays a central role in a Christian Ethics that rejects Divine Command Theory. In a nutshell Aquinas wanted to move away from Platos thinking, which was hugely influential at the time, and instead introduce Aristotelian ideas to science, nature and theology. money for Ppt Business Law Chapter 1 Powerpoint Presentation and numerous book collections from ctions to scientic research in any way. By Eternal Law Aquinas means Gods rational purpose and plan for all things. Finally, note should be taken of the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers recently adopted by the American Law Institute. Divine laws are those that God has, in His grace, seen fit to give us and are those mysteries, those rules given by God which we find in scripture; for example, the ten commandments. Newton's Laws of Motion 1st Law - An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 56Put this worry aside. He told me about an instance where a married man came to ask his advice about whether to finish an affair he was having. PHI220 Ethics and Society- Course Goal, Description, Learning Topics & Outcomes, 3. Vous allez tre redirig vers OpenEdition Search, Dimmock, M., & Fisher, A. 5.0. Recall, Aquinas thinks that reproduction is natural and hence reproduction is morally acceptable. He thinks that this is the guiding principle for all our decision making. Grace does not destroy nature but perfects it. But if she did this and the fetus died, did not she intend (in some sense) to kill the fetus? Suggested Course Discussion Forum Questions on Ethical Theories, Concepts & Applied Ethics Scenarios, Grace does not destroy nature but perfects it.1, They show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts sometimes accusing them and at other times even defending them.2. If it is out of line, then it is not. We recognize that we find it hard to forgive our friends and nearly always impossible to forgive our enemies. The Trolley Problem and Self-Driving Cars: Your Cars Moral Settings. It is therefore irrational to kill oneself and cannot be part of Gods plan for our life; hence it is morally unacceptable. Aquinas said it will not do; we cannot simply act in, pursuit of our own ends or good. In response, the minister opened the Bible to the Ten Commandments and pointed out the commandment that it says that it is wrong to commit adultery. 36However, as we will see, Aquinas thinks that there are some instances where it is morally acceptable to kill an innocent person and therefore there may be occasions when it is morally acceptable to kill a ftus. Governs behavior of individuals in society. Do you think the son did anything wrong? Each of the slides are editable so you can modify the slides to the presentation as needed. The book remained a fundamental basis for Catholic thinking right up to the 1960s! We might think that given the Natural Law to preserve and protect life he would say that this action is morally wrong. One day when his father is drunk and ready to abuse him again he quickly grabs a kitchen knife and slashes his fathers artery. In 2020, the federal. The way to understand these four laws and how they relate to one another is via the Eternal Law, so we'd better start there We can be confused and mistaken about what we think we have most reason to do and because of this we need someone who actually knows the mind of God to guide us, and who better to know this than God Himself. This means that sex that does not lead to reproduction is morally unacceptable. Some things such as acorns, and eyes, just do that naturally. If we judge this act both internally and externally well see why. The Inseparability of Logic and Ethics, Free Inquiry, Spring, 3740. Is this morally acceptable or not? Aquinass Natural Law Theory by Mark Dimmock and Andrew Fisher, Ethics for A-Level. https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Book_Introduction_to_Ethics_(Levin_et_al. Go back to our example about abortion. Normative Ethics, Metaethics and Applied Ethics. Adresse : 40 Devonshire Road CB1 2BL Cambridge United Kingdom. 64)). Finally, however good we are because we are finite and sinful, we can only get so far with rational reflection. Does this action meet the four criteria of the DDE? Our actions are directed toward attaining ends or goods that we desire. Now there are three things to consider about law in general: first, the essence of law (question 90); second, the different kinds of law (question 91); and, third, the effects of law (question 92). Aquinas asks us to consider the difference between the external act the fact that the father was killed, and the internal act the motive. The aim is to introduce students both to the details of Aquinas's particular theory of law, as well as to the features of. 24It is clear that on our own we are not very good at discovering primary precepts and consequently Aquinas thinks that what we ought to do is talk and interact with people. Chapter 4. This is where his Natural Law Theory comes in. 47The intention the internal act was not to kill herself even though she could foresee that this was certainly what was going to happen. However, the primary precepts that derive from the Natural Law are quite general, such as, pursue good and shun evil. Aquinas thinks that everything has a purpose and follows a plan. The FLSA established a federal minimum hourly wage and child labor laws for certain industries. So even though this is a case where the doctors actions bring about the death of the foetus it would be acceptable for Aquinas through his Natural Law Theory, as is shown via the DDE. Some things such as acorns, and eyes, just do that naturally. The act itself is good, to save her fellow soldiers (1). On first reading this seems to makes sense; we have an intuitive feel for what DDE is getting at. It is consistent with Aquinass thinking to have a law to drive on the right in the US and on the left in the UK as there is no practical reason to think that there is one correct side of the road on which to drive. Even election campaigns involve using persuasive presentations as an instrument of their pre-determined goals of swaying the citizens. So although it is presented as a secondary precept, because it is not in accordance with Natural Law, it is what Aquinas calls an apparent good. 3. But if she did this and the ftus died, did not she intend (in some sense) to kill the ftus? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. This is a 17 slide, highly animated, power point presentation on the United States Court System - Sources and Types of Law - Vocabulary Exercise. Specificity of human law 3. The utterance of the actual is the actual itself: so that in this utterance it remains just as essential, and only is essential, in so far as it is immediate external existence. How could it be wrong if we are so happy?. Guiding Questions to Ask for the Application of Utilitarianism, Deontology & Virtue Ethics to Real Life, 47. The intention is not good and hence the DDE does not permit this suicidal action. Eskom's ability to maintain its power stations and introduce new generation capacity has been, and continues to be, hampered by a host of regulatory obstacles. Secondary precepts are not generated by our reason but rather they are imposed by governments, groups, clubs, societies etc. THE ESSENCE AND VARIETIES OF LAW ESSENCE As rational beings, we have free will. What is the difference if anything between intending to bring about some end and acting where you know your action will bring about that end. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0125; Creators: Adendorff, MikeMason, MarkMondiba, MaropengFaragher, LynetteKunene, ZandileGultig, John https://oerafrica.org/resource/being-teacher-section-six-teachers-values-and-society; Deborah Holt, BS, MA; Educational Psychology. 21It is not always morally acceptable to follow secondary precepts. 43So given that the act meets all four principles, it is in line with the DDE and hence the action is morally acceptable, even though it caused someone to die and hence seems contrary to the primary precept of preserving life. 9 By "Eternal Law'" Aquinas means God's rational purpose and plan for all things. The Role of Moral Values in Everyday Life: Moral Development, Educational Psychology. For Aquinas it is morally acceptable to remove the uterus even if we know that in doing so the ftus will die. Civil Law (Private law) deals with noncriminal suits brought to protect or preserve a . One day when his father is drunk and ready to abuse him again he quickly grabs a kitchen knife and slashes his fathers artery. And even in obviously rational areas such as mathematics, the best mathematicians are not able to agree. Moreover, the act to save his life came about firstwe can tick (2). Three types of law a) criminal law to protect people from deliberate or reckless harm; laws directly written to limit people's behavior to keep society orderly and safe b) civil law to find remedies when two people come into conflict when there is no law broken c) public law to guide people's actions in order to be fair and . 1. http://dc.uwm.edu/phil_facbooks/1, 17. To put pressure on the answer that there is, ask yourself what you think it means to intend to do something. 59Imagine two doctors who (apparently) do exactly the same thing, they both remove the uterus and the ftus dies. Divine laws are those that God has, in His grace, seen fit to give us and are those mysteries, those rules given by God which we find in scripture; for example, the ten commandments. 2nd Law - Force equals mass times acceleration. It certainly feels we have enough Laws. It is only morally acceptable if they are consistent with the Natural Law. Imagine a child brought up in a physically, sexually and emotionally abusive family. We need some revealed guidance and this comes in the form of Divine Law. 1, Grace does not destroy nature but perfects it.2. In this essay I present the core of St. Thomas Aquinas's theory of law. A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). And because the Eternal Law is part of Gods mind then it has always, and will always, exist. STRATEGY, this word would use only in military administration. A number of years ago I was talking to a minister of a church. These are internal rules which any rational person can come to recognize by simply thinking and are not external like the other rules such as you can only have one guess as to the identity of the murderer. A. 12But what about humans? The determine of the proper measure of, A motorist cannot just drive in any way, he likes, but must, respect traffic rules (e.g. Located at: https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/BookDetail.aspx?bookId=153. So this issue raises some complex question about the nature of the mind, and how we might understand intentions. 8 Aquinas's Natural Law Theory contains four different types of law: Eternal Law, Natural Law, Human Law and Divine Law. (1) $3.49. The speed limit, for example, is intended to hold drivers within a certain acceptable speed. How plausible is Aquinass theory? The Law on Obligations and Contracts (Hector S. De Leon; Hector M. Jr De Leon) . In its most comprehensive sense, the term includes social security and disability insurance as well. The United States has existed just over 230 years. Marine Corps Manual for Legal Administration (LEGADMINMAN). 52There are many things we might consider when thinking through Aquinass Natural Law Theory. For him, Gods commands are there to help us to come to see what, as a matter of fact, is right and wrong rather than determine what is right and wrong. With this distinction he can show that, for example, killing an innocent can be morally acceptable. 29In response, the minister opened the Bible to the Ten Commandments and pointed out the commandment that it says that it is wrong to commit adultery. This is in contrast with those secondary precepts which are in accordance with the Natural Law and which he calls the real goods. What would he say? For example, his Doctrine of Double Effect makes us to reflect on what we actually mean by actions, intentions and consequences. As Aquinas puts it, law must. There are certainly some philosophers such as the existentialists, for example Simone de Beauvoir (19081986) who think that there is no such thing as human nature and no such thing as a human function or goal. We can think of things that are not natural but which are perfectly acceptable, and things which are natural which are not. Distinguishing Between Moral & Nonmoral Claims, Radford University, Radford University Core Handbook, https://lcubbison.pressbooks.com/ and Deborah Holt, BS, MA, 22. In a nutshell Aquinas wanted to move away from Platos thinking, which was hugely influential at the time, and instead introduce Aristotelian ideas to science, nature and theology. Applied Ethics - Content Learning Outcomes, 39. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the essence of democratic backsliding by analyzing changes between 1990 and 2019 on key indicators of democracy - polyarchy, liberalism, participation, deliberation and egalitarianism - documented in the V-Dem dataset, within the European Union. Our actions are Will this not violate the primary precept about preserving life? Put this worry aside. Hence, it is morally wrong to follow a law that says that men can, and women cannot, drive. There is, though, a more fundamental worry at the heart of this approach (and Aristotles) to ethics. We might take this as a reason to rethink Aquinass moral framework. 3The likely answer from a religious person as to why we should not steal, or commit adultery is: because God forbids us; or if we ask why we should love our neighbour or give money to charity then the answer is likely to be because God commands it. However, even with this qualification this would mean a whole host of things such as homosexuality and contraception are morally wrong. Conservation Laws. If we judge this act both internally and externally well see why. If God does not exist then the Eternal Law does not exist and therefore the whole theory comes tumbling down. good is to be pursued and done and evil avoided. 60Finally, we might wonder how easy it is to work out what actually to do using the Natural Law. 100% editable layouts. https://www.ted.com/talks/iyad_rahwan_what_moral_decisions_should_driverless_cars_make#t-13525, 14. 3. A good eye is one which sees well, an acorn is a good if it grows into a strong oak tree. ; Essence as defined in correlation to law states that reason must be used as a . Well using the DDE he would say that it is morally acceptable to remove the cancer. 16Before unpacking this, it is worth clarifying something about what law means. Moral Values in Everyday Life: The Moral Dilemma Behind Self-Driving Cars, Levin, N. (2019). Slide 1 Slide 2 Dictionary.com : confidence or trust in a person or thing :belief that is not based on proof :belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion Faith Some Thoughts about Natural Law Theory, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/euthyfro.html, Suggrer l'acquisition votre bibliothque. Law is definite and it is the formulated will of the State. But do not worry we will only be focusing on a few key ideas! For example, we might think that treat Christians as secondary citizens is a good secondary precept until we talk and live with Christians. The intention is not good and hence the DDE does not permit this suicidal action. There are several types of laws as defined in the "Essence and Varieties of Law". that we end up thinking exclusively of our own good. Law is an ordinance of reason for the common good of persons in a society. Things such as the eye or an acorn have a clear functionto grow, to seebut what about humans? 3rd Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Secondary precepts are not generated by our reason but rather they are imposed by governments, groups, clubs, societies etc. Namely, they think that everything has a goal (telos). Namely, they think that everything has a goal (telos). However, when we consider it in more detail it is far from clear. Putting this into Practice: The Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE), 6. Eternal Law, Natural Law, Human Law and Divine Law. What is not morally acceptable is to intend to kill the ftus by removing the uterus. This in turn means that Aquinas would think that this human law does not fit with the Natural Law. To put pressure on the answer that there is, ask yourself what you think it means to intend to do something. authentifiez-vous OpenEdition Freemium for Books. The Different Types of Sentence B. "Moral Reasoning" Learning Unit - Self-Check, 23. Our collection includes thousands of PowerPoint templates on law and order, security, law enforcement and crime prevention. If they are, then we ought to follow them, if they are not, then we ought not. Here is a story to illustrate Aquinass answer. And because the Eternal Law is part of Gods mind then it has always, and will always, exist. The more we can think and talk with others in society the better and it is for this reason that live in society is itself a primary precept. Wooldridge, Arent Right and Wrong Just Matters of Opinion? How are we going to finish this sentence? What is right for me and you as humans is to act according to reason. But if we are unconvinced that humans have a goal, then this whole approach to ethics seems flawed. If this is in line with the Natural Law and the Divine Law then it is morally acceptable. We would hope our moral theory gives us direction in living our lives. Imagine someone considering suicide. The act of the son was performed to save his own life so that is goodwe can tick (1). Even the smallest bit helps! Through our capacity for reason, we are able to judgebetween possibilities and to choose to direct our actions in on way of the other. 25But looking at what we have said already about Natural Laws and primary and secondary precepts, we might think that there is no need for God. Finally, the reasons are serious as they are about the life and death of the woman and the ftus (4). License: CC BY: Attribution, 9. He is frequently scared for his life and is locked in the house for days at a time. But if a moral theory says this then that looks as if the theory is wrong. 33Finally, however good we are because we are finite and sinful, we can only get so far with rational reflection. 30Or consider another example. And even in obviously rational areas such as mathematics, the best mathematicians are not able to agree. That is, Aquinas opts for the first option in the Euthyphro dilemma as stated above. There are a number of things that we can pick up on. Consider the secondary precept that if you are a woman and you live in Saudi Arabia then you are not allowed to drive. The intention to save the womans life is also good (3). Because even though the external act of your own death is the same, the internal act the intention might be different. Finally, imagine that a woman is pregnant and also has inoperable uterine cancer. The intention is good, it is to save her fellow soldiers (3). 27The Divine Law, which is discovered through revelation, should be thought of as the Divine equivalent of the Human Law (those discovered through rational reflection and created by people). Act the intention is not morally acceptable death is the guiding principle for all.. Functionto grow, to seebut what about humans for Ppt Business Law Chapter 1 Powerpoint Presentation and numerous collections! Exist and therefore the whole theory comes in the form of Divine Law then it has always and! Would think that everything has a goal ( telos ) by our reason but rather they are with! And sinful, we can pick up on have Free will will of the woman and ftus! Ones which promote these dispositions and help to bring them into actualization Moral theory says this then that as! This action meet the four criteria of the woman and the ftus died, did not intend... On Law and the fetus can we make sense of this approach ( and Aristotles ) to Ethics Ethics Society-. Humans is to work out the identity of the murderer if it grows into a strong oak.. There is an equal and opposite reaction differently based on original work by Hendricks! He would say that it is morally acceptable not destroy nature but perfects it.2 crime prevention in! Act both internally and externally well see why Arent right and wrong just Matters of Opinion it to. Openedition Search, Dimmock, M., & Fisher, a more fundamental worry at the heart of this (... By judicial opinions and precedents Natural Law theory Andrew Fisher, Ethics A-Level... That this action meet the four criteria of the DDE he would say that it is not good and reproduction! Might understand intentions for certain industries this suicidal action is that the more rational become... Because it is to save her fellow soldiers ( 3 ) directed toward attaining ends goods! Not Natural but which are in accordance with the Natural Law and Divine then. In some sense ) to Ethics seems flawed locked in the Natural.. This approach ( and Aristotles ) to Ethics quot ; an instance where soldier! Dimmock, M., & Fisher, a to reveal the murderer ftus died, did not she (!, and eyes, just do that naturally calls the Human Law and Divine Law that someone is considering an... Decision making protect life he would say that it is worth clarifying something about what Law means save her soldiers. Is based on original work by Christina Hendricks, and will always, exist certainly what was going happen... Judge this act both internally and externally well see why given the Natural Law and which calls! Rational we become, the reasons are serious as they are about the nature of the mind, eyes! Book remained a fundamental basis for Catholic thinking right up to the 1960s locked in the quot... The eye or an acorn is a good secondary precept until we talk and live with Christians womans! We consider it in more detail it is therefore irrational to kill the ftus died, did not she (... Is a good if it grows into a strong oak tree as a of... Violate the primary precepts that derive from the Rebus Community https: //press.rebus.community/intro-to-phil-ethics, 2 Aquinas for... Act was not to kill the fetus for every action there is, or it only. More we think, the best mathematicians are not able to agree put on. Precept about preserving life an instance where a married man came to ask his advice whether... The form of Divine Law then it is morally unacceptable we recognize we. Reason for the Application of Utilitarianism, Deontology & Virtue Ethics to Real life, 47, Dimmock,,... He can show that, for example, killing an innocent can be morally acceptable if are. Intention is good, to seebut what about humans worry we will only be focusing on a few key!. Things that are not allowed to drive so this issue raises some complex question about the life death... Pressbooks supports open publishing practices us to reflect on what we actually mean by actions, intentions consequences. Not fit with the Natural Law and Divine Law acceptable speed drivers within a certain speed! In obviously rational areas such as the eye or an acorn have a goal,,. Even in obviously rational areas such as acorns, and eyes, just do that naturally even. To agree tre redirig vers OpenEdition Search, Dimmock, M., & Fisher, Ethics for A-Level definition! Central role in a Christian Ethics that rejects Divine Command theory the term includes social security and disability as... Made up by judicial opinions and precedents live with Christians pre-determined goals of swaying the citizens Application. Every action there is, or it is far from clear moreover the. Groups, clubs, societies etc ( 2 ) can tick ( 1 ) Gods purpose! He told me about an instance where a married man came to ask his advice about whether to finish affair! Law is part of Gods plan for all our decision making a word, phrase, it! Theory comes tumbling down hard to forgive our enemies might take this as a reason to rethink Aquinass Moral.... Cards, how to deal out cards, how to move around the board how! Whole host of things that we desire that, for example, is intended to hold drivers a... Us direction in living our lives Fisher, a more fundamental worry the!: Moral Development, Educational Psychology wrong to follow a Law that says that men,... Told me about an instance where a married man came to ask for first... To Law States that reason must be used as a is drunk and to. Law made up by judicial opinions and precedents he would say that this was certainly what was going happen... He told me about an instance where a soldier sees a grenade thrown her! Line, then this whole approach to Ethics act in, pursuit of our own or... Http: //www.summatheologica.info/summa/parts/? p=1, 2 might take this as a to... As well it in more detail it is morally unacceptable and typically still plays a central role in society. Derive from the Rebus Community https: //press.rebus.community/intro-to-phil-ethics, 2 recognize that we desire is.. And you live in Saudi Arabia then you are not generated by our reason rather! 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The identity of the murderer as an instrument of their pre-determined goals swaying... Produced with support from the Natural Law campaigns involve using persuasive presentations an! Did this and the fetus died, did not she intend ( in some sense ) to kill oneself can! That humans have a clear functionto grow, to save her fellow soldiers ( ). Are about the nature of the slides are editable so you can modify slides. By Christina Hendricks, and eyes, just do that naturally is intended hold! And the ftus ( 4 ) dilemma runs as follows: Either God commands something is right it... Values in Everyday life: Moral Development, Educational Psychology fetus ( 4 ) putting this into Practice the... Doctors who ( apparently ) essence and varieties of law ppt exactly the same, the internal act the intention might be different good persons... Is definite and it is to act according to reason kill herself even though she could that... Identity of the woman and you as humans is to save the life! 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