Haldeman have resigned. America needs a full-time President and a full-time congress. Did Nixon play any role in the Watergate break-in? Dean begins cooperating with Watergate prosecutors. All 50 states have now adopted some type of open government law, most of which are even broader than the federal rules.22, The Inspector General Act was put in place in the wake of the Watergate scandal, as a means of ensuring integrity and accountability in the Executive Branch.24 It created offices of inspectors general (OIGs) at 12 federal agencies, subsequently expanded to todays total of 73 OIGs and 14,000 personnel.25 The law empowers these offices to audit and investigate agency programs, to report the results of these investigations to Congress, and to make recommendations to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness and to prevent and detect fraud and abuse.26 The Council of Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, an agency made up of the 73 OIGs, credits its work for hundreds of billions of dollars of potential savings, tens of thousands of successful prosecutions, and transformational government reforms.27, A promise of civil service reform was central to President Carters election campaign.29 Carter ran as an outsider, fueled in part by the distrust of government wrought by the Nixon administration. The War Powers Act, for example, was a response to President Nixons secretive use of military power. Ala Al Sadi, Patrick Gaspard, Trevor Potter, William Roberts, Michael Sozan, Johan Hassel, Kate Donald, Laura Kilbury, 1 More "Freedom! All expenses are incurred on account. The breadth of Nixons abuses was matched by the subsequent response. During 2012, Cherokee paid $35 million on account. President Nixon as he boards the White House helicopter after resigning the presidency. Days later, the White House denied involvement in the break-in. The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone. Attorney General-designate Elliot Richardson appoints law professor and former U.S. Obviously, the demand for these items is driven by the production schedule for the computers. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What were the burglars looking for?, What office was located at the Watergate Complex?, Who was Larry O'Brien? Why do the burglars break into the Watergate a second time? Frank Wills worked the midnight to 7 a.m. shift as a security guard at the Watergate Office Building in Washington, DC. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Washington Post reported that a $25,000 check intended for Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign was deposited in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars. See Watergate Report, p. 1179. The amendments also imposed timelines for responses to public records requests, created sanctions for wrongly withheld information, and made other clarifications to make it easier for requesters to obtain information.17. Now is the time to start thinking through the full range of potential changesnot just ethics and political reform proposals but also changes to strengthen the rule of law, bolster civic institutions, and address economic and social marginalization. What were Nixon's aides concerned the press would find? Creator President Nixon resigns. White House counsel John Dean is fired. See, for example, Matthew Yglesias, Donald Trump threatens Amazon as payback for Washington Post articles he doesnt like, Vox, May 13, 2016, available at, Max Bergmann, Sam Berger, and Jeremy Venook, A Case Study in Collusion: The Hack and Release of Emails (The Moscow Project, 2018), available at. In the second half of the documentary, answer the questions. The War Powers Act was intended to limit the presidents power to initiate hostilities without prior congressional authorization. Cherokee began 2012 owing accounts payable of$6 million. When the tapes were subpoenaed, what was the problem with one of the tapes? Watergate: With Tom Kane. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 18 1972 Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by marlireisner Terms in this set (18) November 7, 1972: Nixon re-elected, defeating George McGovern with the largest plurality of votes in American history. Nixon wanted to win the next election by the greatest amount ever in a presidential election, former FBI agent and current White House staff assistant; hired to gather intelligence on Nixon's enemies, former CIA operative; brought in by Liddy to help carry out the mission, his enemies and leaks to the press would undermine his international agenda, former military analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers, special investigation team created by Nixon to "stop leaks". no clear evidence links him to the planning or execution of actual break-in. { document.getElementById('search-form').focus(); }, 300);">, http://www.dispatch.com/news/20170817/john-dean-trump-nixon-check-many-of-same-boxes, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/5/19/15659314/trump-nixon-watergate, http://www.newsweek.com/trump-nixon-all-presidents-men-648924, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fbi-seizes-records-related-to-stormy-daniels-in-raid-of-trump-attorney-michael-cohens-office/2018/04/09/e3e43cf4-3c30-11e8-974f-aacd97698cef_story.html, https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/25/politics/congress-russia-investigations/index.html, https://www.wsj.com/articles/mueller-probes-flynns-role-in-alleged-plan-to-deliver-cleric-to-turkey-1510309982, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/06/27/americas-global-standing-plummets-under-donald-trump, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/16/trump-immigrants-animals-mexico-democrats-sanctuary-cities/617252002/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trump-has-made-it-a-verbal-open-season-on-journalists/2018/06/29/0d0f8090-7bcc-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html, https://americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/06/04/451570/confronting-cost-trumps-corruption-american-families/, https://www.politico.com/story/2015/04/this-day-in-politics-april-28-1970-117377, https://www.thenation.com/article/october-10-1973-vice-president-spiro-agnew-resigns/, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg3.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg1783.pdf, https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/12471/text, https://www.justice.gov/oip/attorney-generals-memorandum-1974-amendments-foia, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg770.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg1241.pdf, https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/104514, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg1101.pdf, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29968, https://www.ignet.gov/sites/default/files/files/IGAct40_Press_Release_05-08-18.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg1111.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-92/pdf/STATUTE-92-Pg1824.pdf, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=30049, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/01/the-runaway-presidency/551546/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/president-refuses-to-turn-over-tapes-ervin-committee-cox-issue-subpoenas/2012/06/04/gJQAWfG9IV_story.html?utm_term=.530ad546a6ab, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg1695-2.pdf, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/93/s3044/text, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg1494.pdf, http://www.naomiklein.org/files/resources/pdfs/itt_report.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg1896.pdf, http://www.legisworks.org/GPO/STATUTE-90-Pg1520.pdf, https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4639.pdf, http://watergate.info/impeachment/articles-of-impeachment, https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4193&context=clr, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/ChurchCommittee.htm, https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/IC-book-finalasof12JUNE.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-87/pdf/STATUTE-87-Pg555.pdf, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2543&context=wmlr, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg297.pdf, https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/richard-nixon-congressional-budget-control-act-history-000282, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/12/budget-and-impoundment-control-act-becomes-law-july-12-1974-240372, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PJ_WorkingPaper9_Feb11_Final.pdf, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg1255.pdf, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/98-505.pdf, https://www.lawfareblog.com/emergencies-without-end-primer-federal-states-emergency, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-trump-campaign-spends-at-properties-golf-courses-2018-7, https://corporatepresidency.org/art-of-the-self-deal/, https://www.vox.com/2016/5/13/11669850/donald-trump-threatens-amazon, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/26/trump-says-harley-davidson-using-trade-tensions-as-an-excuse.html, https://themoscowproject.org/explainers/a-case-study-in-collusion/, See, for example, Randy Ludlow, John Dean: Trump, Nixon check many of the same boxes,, See, for example, Carol D. Leonnig, Tom Hamburger, and Devlin Barrett, Trump attorney Cohen is being investigated for possible bank fraud, campaign finance violations,, Gregory Korte and Alan Gomez, Trump ramps up rhetoric on undocumented immigrants: These arent people. US History Final Semester 2. \text { Porsche Boxster } & 45.560 & 2822 & 201 & 93.2 \\ Just like the Nixon scandals, the misconduct of the current president may set the stage for an ambitious new set of democratic reforms, a once-in-a-generation opportunityif policymakers are prepared to embrace it. When history talks about the 18.5 minutes of missing tape, what specific conversation is supposedly on those tapes? Explain. Richard M. Nixon that were revealed following the arrest of five burglars at Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters in the Watergate office-apartment-hotel complex in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. The same day the Senate Select Committee wraps up its hearings, Nixon delivers a second primetime address to the nation on Watergate, saying It has become clear that both the hearings themselves and some of the commentaries on them have become increasingly absorbed in an effort to implicate the President personally in the illegal activities that took place. He reminded the American people that he had already taken full responsibility for the abuses that occurred during my administration.. advanced knowledge of DNC campaign tactics, notes were taken on gossip between office secretaries; bug on O'Brien's phone was defective. READ MORE: Watergate: Who Did What and Where Are They Now? Who was Deep Throat in the Watergate scandal? Nixon dismissed/ousted Dean, Liddy, and Hunt. Senator Sam Ervin opens the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities into the Watergate incident. Prepare the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. 2577306628443439324633193227304232403025373728623455282235053285MorsepowerSports>Car195290189305345450225195215185320155305201320236Mile(mph)90.7108.093.2103.2102.1116.291.789.793.092.399.084.6103.293.2105.097.0. An article in The Washington Post reports that a check for $25,000 earmarked for Nixons 1972 re-election campaign was deposited into the bank account of one of the men arrested for the Watergate break-in. The impeachment was sent to the floor of the House for a full vote but the vote was never carried out. Under the law, presidents are required to preserve presidential records and turn them over to the National Archives at the end of their terms.43 The act also provides for public access to those records some years after a presidency has ended.44, One of the original legislative recommendations from the committee that investigated Watergatethe Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activitiescomprised a set of new campaign finance regulations, including the creation of an independent Federal Elections Commission.46 The report produced by the committee contained over 100 pages on [t]he improper and unethical activities that occurred in the 1972 campaign.47 These unethical activities included the Nixon White Houses creation of secret campaign slush funds, which were used to set up fake citizens committees supporting Nixon and his policies and to illegally surveil political opponents, among other things.48 They also included examples of likely quid pro quo corruption, such as the ITT affair, an incident in which a corporation provided $400,000 to the Nixon campaign, allegedly, in order to get the U.S. Department of Justice to settle an antitrust lawsuit.49. } Watergate: Who Did What and Where Are They Now? Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force 1971 to 1977 Volume: 1,362 feet Many records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force (WSPF) are open for research. It set forth the circumstances under which electronic surveillance could be conducted,65 established a special court to review surveillance applications,66 established a probable cause standard for permissible electronic surveillance,67 and made clear that only foreign powers and agents of foreign powerswhich can include Americanscould be targeted.68, In addition to FISA, Congress also created intelligence committees in both the House and Senate to provide accountability and oversight of the intelligence community.69, During the Vietnam war, President Nixon expanded U.S. military operations to Cambodia while denying that the United States was doing so. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Who is found to be paying the burglar's legal bills? Documental del Canal Historia, dentro de "El informe final" (The Final Report), dedicado al caso Watergate, que acab con el presidente Richard Nixon present. Then-Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, If anything is to be learned from our present difficulties, compendiously known as Watergate, it is that we must open our public affairs to public scrutiny on every level of government.20 It was in this vein that Congress passed two separate laws to enhance government transparency. Including warrantless wiretapping of journalists and government officials. 2 sess. Only after some 30 years later, it was revealed that the informant was FBI deputy director W. Mark Felt, Sr. On September 8, 1974, U.S. President Gerald Ford chose to grant Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while president. Broadly, these reforms sought to provide for a more ethical, transparent government; combat the corrupting influence of money in politics; protect people against governmental abuses of power; and place limits on extraordinary exercises of presidential power. The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone. The relatively narrow indictment on charges of burglary, conspiracy, and violation of federal wiretapping laws itself spoke to the success of the White House in containing the scandal. Although the post-Watergate period is widely understood as an era of reform, over time, the full extent of the changes has faded from view. Would the Senate have removed Nixon from office? Presidential Press Secretary Ron Ziegler responded that the president would have no comment on a third-rate burglary attempt. The preponderance of early media reports, driven by a successful White House public relations campaign, claimed that there had been no involvement by the Nixon administration or the reelection committee. What would be needed for removal from office? Sam Berger is the senior adviser at the Center for American Progress. The Final Report. Former Nixon aide and FBI agent G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord, an ex-CIA agent and former security director of the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP), are convicted for their roles in the break-in at the Watergate complex. What was the nickname given to Nixon's top two aides? Set 15 the federal grand jury indicts the 5 burglars and liddy and hunt. & \begin{array}{c} To fix a bug on the phone that was not working. A check from Howard Hunt and two address books. In an election eve Gallup Poll, respondents overwhelmingly said that they trusted Nixon more than Democratic candidate McGovern. A declared emergency ends after one year if the president does not take formal action to continue it, and Congress can take steps to terminate the emergency.81 The act also requires the president to report to Congress on what emergency authorities are being utilized to respond to the emergency and on what expenditures are made pursuant to those authorities.82. White House counsel John Dean is fired. Vice President, Democracy and Government Reform, Michael Sozan, William Roberts, Hai-Lam Phan, 1 More To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body. The 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) responded directly to the abuses of the 1972 campaign. What does Nixon do to Dean, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman? How does Nixon respond to the increased pressure in regards to his top aides? The Post prints the threat. Get information on Ellsberg- break into his psychiatrist's office. After clarifying the connection between the Watergate break-in and subsequent campaign finance scandal . What is the term used to describe demand for these parts ? The arrest was reported in the next mornings Washington Post in an article written by Alfred E. Lewis, Carl Bernstein, and Bob Woodward, the latter two a pair of relatively undistinguished young reporters relegated to unglamorous beatsBernstein to roving coverage of Virginia politics and Woodward, still new to the Post, to covering minor criminal activities. How was the break-in at the Watergate discovered? snubbed by Nixon by not receiving a higher position; had access to everything in the FBI. Predicting Sports Car Prices. Our aim is not just to change the conversation, but to change the country. Identify all the items that Cherokee will report on its 2012 income statement. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act addressed this issue by making it illegal for covered individuals and corporations to bribe foreign government officials in order to obtain or retain business. As special counsel Robert Muellers investigation continues, along with parallel investigations into other potentially illegal activity by President Donald Trump and his associates, it is already apparent that the Trump presidency will also be marred by scandal.2 Given these parallels, it is instructive to look at the reforms of the post-Watergate era when considering lessons for policymaking in a post-Trump world. The Final Report: Watergatevideo (short) by National Geographic Channel The Final Report: Watergatevideo (long) by National Geographic Channel Chapters 20 - 24 In the last 40 years, the United States won the Cold War and the Soviet Union collapsed, bringing about dramatic change in global politics. The grand jury names Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator.. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. crime was the Watergate cover-up, which he orchestrated. White House employees sabatoge Nixon's enemies. S1.E9. The Watergate investigation and a subsequent investigation by the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activitiesalso known as the Church Committeerevealed widespread abuses by intelligence agencies, including extensive domestic surveillance by the FBI and the CIA.64 In response to these investigations and other revelations about domestic surveillance, Congress enacted FISA, which limited electronic surveillance of Americans to national security purposes. Although it is not known if he was directly involved of the actual burglary how was Nixon involved? Why is the President taping conversations? The scandal included a break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972, and subsequent cover-up by people who worked for or with the White House, and by Nixon himself. Restoring Social Trust in Democracy, Democracy, Government Reform, Trump Administration+1More. However, you'll want to watch the chronological telling of events, followed by the analysis. Prosecutors discover a memo to John Ehrlichman regarding plans for the Plumbers break-in of Daniel Ellsbergs psychiatrist. Later, this order, revealed in what became known as the Nixon tapes (Nixons secret recordings of his phone calls and conversations in the Oval Office), became the smoking gun proving that the president had been part of a criminal cover-up from the beginning. READ MORE: What Were the Pentagon Papers? Throughout the 1972 campaign season, Woodward and Bernstein were fed leaks by an anonymous source they referred to as Deep Throat, who, only some 30 years later, was revealed to be FBI deputy director W. Mark Felt, Sr. All topics All topics. "The Final Report: Watergate" Flashcards | Quizlet "The Final Report: Watergate" Term 1 / 18 What year did 5 burglars break into the Democratic National Committee? The New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon Papers, the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam War. Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, amidst bribery and income-tax evasion charges, unrelated to the Watergate break-in. The cleaning staff taped doors, but they had already gone home. A security man recognizes tape on the door that was used to keep it from locking, and he called the police. Soon after, Woodward and Bernstein and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigators identified two coconspirators in the burglary: E. Howard Hunt, Jr., a former high-ranking CIA officer only recently appointed to the staff of the White House, and G. Gordon Liddy, a former FBI agent working as a counsel for CREEP. Transcripts of more than 1,200 pages of edited transcripts of the Nixon tapes are released by The White House. Second, it is critical that policymakers begin planning now how to connect the wide-ranging scandals of the Trump administration to appropriate reforms. So says Stephen Burgard, director . The Watergate break-in may only have been a second-rate burglary, but it came to symbolize a systemic abuse of power at the very highest levels of government. Nixon reportedly orders the White House taping system disconnected. hoped to salvage his presidency by cutting all ties to anyone linked to Watergate. Subsequent. School Freeport Senior High School Course Title USHX3 201 Type Test Prep Uploaded By jbeneigh Pages 2 This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. By 1972, when Republican President Richard M. Nixon was running for reelection,. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like president during Watergate, "Watergate affair", what Watergate was name after and more. While Congress is going through articles of impeachment, how does Nixon react? What were the Pentagon Papers and who leaked them? It was one of the first. Jeb Magruder, deputy director of CREEP, burned transcripts of wiretaps from an earlier break-in at the DNCs offices. Indictments are handed down for the Watergate Seven, including John Mitchell, H.R. Watergate cover-up, specifically obstruction of justice, Unit 2: Thinking and Learning - Collocations, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Honors English 9 Semester Two Final The Odyss. Who was paying the burglars' legal bills? Textbook solutions "The Final Report: Watergate" STUDY Flashcards Learn Write Spell Test PLAY Match Gravity What year did 5 burglars break into the Democratic National Committee? What was the outcome of the Watergate scandal on the presidency of Richard Nixon? Like their post-Watergate predecessors, policymakers must be ready to seize the opportunity to advocate for bold responses that do not just restore the prior status quo but also make fundamental positive changes. YOUR RATING . During the Watergate investigations, prosecutors determined that numerous corporations and corporate executives had made illegal contributions to Nixon's re-election campaign. One of the names was found in the address and a check, with the phone numbers they had HW (White House). the security guard knew the cleaning staff had gone home for the night. "The Final Report" (2006) was a documentary series made by National Geographic. var onSuccessSubmitenSubscribeFooter = function() { $95 \%$ CI | | $95 \%$ PI | | | $(7.94788,8.21334)$ | | $(7.41872,8.74250)$ | | Report (as shown on the computer output) a point estimate of and a $95 . FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. \end{array} & \begin{array}{r} What came as a surprise to most of Nixon's staff? He tells Haldeman, Erlichman, and Dean to resign. \text { Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4 } & 47.518 & 3737 & 320 & 99.0 \\ Nixon and his staff recruit a team of ex-FBI and CIA operatives, later referred to as the Plumbers to investigate the leaked publication of the Pentagon Papers. Nixon was reelected in a historic landslidewinning all but Massachusetts and the District of Columbiaand embarked on what looked to be a dynamic second term. Richard Kreitner, October 10, 1973: Vice President Spiro Agnew Resigns,. How much in accounts payable did Cherokee owe at the end of 2012? It occurred in the 1970's which started following a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. in 1972. To explore the presidents connection with the Watergate. The trial of the five arrested burglars and two accomplices began in federal court less than two weeks before Nixon's second-term inauguration. 50 Years of Federal Times Watergate scandal: Public distrust of government begins By Michael Hardy Dec 1, 2015 This is part of a larger Federal Times 50-year anniversary project, showcasing the. In response, Congress sought to reassert its authority over the budget process.73 The act, among other things, limited the circumstances under which the president could impoundchoose not to spendfunds Congress had appropriated.74 It also created standing budget committees in the House and Senate;75 established the Congressional Budget Office to provide Congress with independent, expert advice;76 and directed the budget committees to create a spending blueprint in advance of the fiscal year.77, During his presidency, Nixon twice declared national emergencies: once in response to a strike by U.S. postal workers and again to impose import controls.79 Motivated by a general distrust of Nixon as well as by concerns around the Vietnam War, Congress reviewed the use of emergency powers, determining that numerous national emergencies were still in effect.80, In response, Congress passed the National Emergencies Act, creating a formal process through which to declare a national emergency that allows the president to invoke certain extraordinary powers provided by statute. "Rose Mary Stretch" deleted 18.5 minutes of one. What eventually led to Nixon turning over the tapes? Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 16 Nixon's crime was the watergate cover-up, which he orchestrated Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Madison_Cipriani9 Terms in this set (16) For me these are the tools of freedom. Nixon files appeals in response to various subpoenas ordering him to turn over the tapes. For example, it established the Office of Government Ethics, the first centralized overseer of executive branch ethics requirements.37 It also imposed the first mandatory financial disclosures for members of Congress, candidates, and some high-level executive branch officials.38 In addition, the act adopted into law congressional ethics rules that imposed new restrictions on outside income and limits on lobbying by former members of Congress.39, In the wake of his resignation, President Nixon sought to retain control of his White House records. Secret and potentially illegal use of military force,7 illegal campaign contributions,8 domestic spying,9 outright bribery,10 and the misuse of the machinery of government to attack political opponents11 were just a few of the widespread abuses discovered by the Watergate investigators and subsequent congressional inquiries. The Watergate investigation revealed that Nixon had sought to use private tax information held by the IRS to damage political opponents and had continued the long-standing practice of illegally surveilling Americans through the FBI.55 Concerns about governmental misuse of personal information led to demands for clearer standards and protections. \text{Net book value}&\$900,000\\ The euphoria of energy freedom is addictive.Maybe that's because for me, as for most Americans, one energy crisis or another has shadowed most of the past three decades." It did so by setting up a system of time limits and required reports to Congress. d.$255,000. 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